{"id":20854,"date":"2020-09-01T16:16:42","date_gmt":"2020-09-01T10:46:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=20854"},"modified":"2020-09-04T18:09:55","modified_gmt":"2020-09-04T12:39:55","slug":"%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%93%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a7-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=20854","title":{"rendered":"\u0986\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09a7 \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u09b6\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09df<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"19940\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=19940\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?fit=535%2C734&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"535,734\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shankarrayin\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?fit=219%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?fit=535%2C734&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-19940 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?resize=150%2C205&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?resize=219%2C300&amp;ssl=1 219w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/shankarin.jpg?w=535&amp;ssl=1 535w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<strong>\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09a3 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0998\u09c1 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09b0\u09ae \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09b8\u09c7 \u0987\u09ad\u09bf\u098f\u09ae \u0993 \u09ad\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u099a\u09c1\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u00a0\u00a0\u099c\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 (\u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u09ea\u09e6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09ae \u09ad\u09cb\u099f \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7) \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09aa\u09c2\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0 \u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa \u098f\u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u0964 \u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09a4\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u0986\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a4 \u0986\u09b0\u098f\u09b8\u098f\u09b8, \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09a6 \u0993 \u09ac\u099c\u09b0\u0982 \u09a6\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099d\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09c0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u0982\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e7\u09eb\/\u09e7\u09ec \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09c1\u0996\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u0989\u09b0 \u0993 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u0982-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be Archaeology of Babri Masjid, Ayodhya \u09ac\u0987\u09a4\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ee\u09ee\u09ee \u09b9\u09bf\u099c\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ee\u09ed\u09e8 \u09b9\u09bf\u099c\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09a8\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u00a0(\u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf \u09b9\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09c7),\u00a0\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0986\u0987\u098f\u098f\u09b8 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u0982 \u09ac\u09c7\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u0993\u09b2\u099c\u09bf \u0985\u09ab \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6, \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0993 (\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09ab\u09be\u09b0) \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09b9\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u099c\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0964 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u0982 \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8: \u09ae\u09be\u00a0=\u00a0\u09ea\u09e6, \u0986\u0987 =\u00a0\u09e7\u09e6, \u09ae =\u00a0\u09ea\u09e6, \u09ad\u09be\u0989\u00a0=\u00a0\u09ec, \u09a8 =\u00a0\u09eb\u09e6 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u00a0(\u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995) =\u00a0\u09e7\u09ea\u09ec; \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u00a0=\u00a0\u09ed\u09e6,\u00a0\u09b2\u00a0=\u00a0\u09e9\u09e6,\u00a0\u0986\u09b0 = \u09e7\u09e6, \u09b9 = \u09eb \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ae\u09cb\u099f (\u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995) = \u09e7\u09e7\u09eb; \u09ac\u09be = \u09e8, \u0996 = \u09ec\u09e6\u09e6, \u09a4 = \u09ef \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ae\u09cb\u099f (\u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995) = \u09ec\u09e7\u09e7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc\u09be\u09b2 (\u09e7\u09ea\u09ec+\u09e7\u09e7\u09eb+\u09ec\u09e7\u09e7) = \u09ee\u09ed\u09e8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09cb\u0997\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09c1\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u09b0\u098f\u09b8\u098f\u09b8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u2018\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u2019 (\u0986\u09b8\u09b2 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u2018\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u2019) \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099c \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7-\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b2 \u099f\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u099f \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u099f\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u099f \u2018\u09a4\u09c1\u099d\u09c1\u0995-\u0987-\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u2019 \u0986\u09a6\u09cc \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u09a8\u0987\u09a8\u09bf, \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u2018\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u2019 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0995\u09ac\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be, \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7: By the command of Emperor Babar, whose justice is an edifice reaching up to the very height of the heaven; the good-hearted Mir Baqi built this alighting-place of angles Buvad Khair Baqi (may this goodness last forever) the year of building made clear likewise, when I said Buwad Khair Baqi (935 A.H) (i.e. 1528).\u2014\u00a0\u098f\u099f\u09be \u09a1\u09be\u09b9\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u09ac\u09c1\u09ad\u09a6 \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u0982\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u099c\u09cc\u09a8\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u2014 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u00a0Sharqi School of Architecture\u00a0, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09c0\u09df\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u098f \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u099b\u09cb\u099f\u09cd\u099f \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995-\u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0987 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mainstreamweekly.net\/article2503.html\">\u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995<\/a> \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09be\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ae\u09b9\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09b2 \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09a6\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098a\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u0982\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09b6\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u00a0\u00a0\u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09be\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09ab\u09c8\u099c\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09bf, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf, \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf (\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09c1\u09ad\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c8\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09b8 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af, \u0985\u09ae\u09b2 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995), \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u0993 \u099a\u09cb\u0996\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8? \u0985\u09ae\u09b2 \u09e8 \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e6 \u2018\u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u2019-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf-\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u0995 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b2\u0993\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u2018\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u2019\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ab\u09be\u0981\u09aa\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0985\u09ab \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8-\u098f \u098f\u0981\u09b0 (\u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u00a0\u00a0\u0986\u09b2\u09bf\u0997\u09dc \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09a1\u09bf\u099c \u0987\u09a8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a1\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09a1 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995)\u00a0\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u2014\u00a0THE AWADH SCIENTIFIC RENAISSANCE AND THE ROLE OF THE FRENCH: C. 1750-1820\u0964 \u0989\u09a8\u09bf \u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u099c\u09bf\u09df\u09ae \u09b8\u09b9 \u0987\u0993\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0990 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b0\u09b9\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u099c\u09a8\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09a8 \u098f\u09a8\u09a1\u09bf\u098f \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u0985\u099f\u09b2\u09ac\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09bf, \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u09ae\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c0\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u0996\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0998 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b2 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8,<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">&#8230;by the mid-18th century, French astronomers such as Pons and Calmette did not have to face this prejudice, and they were easily given a part of the Vedas. Gentil too had a completely welcoming experience at Benares, when he found no problems for getting copies of Sanskrit texts, and Polier (c.1760) explicitly states that contrary to popular prejudice about Hindu scholars, they were even willing to give him their texts &#8211; which is why he got the first complete copy of the four Vedas\u2026.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">This was also an important juncture in the history of India&#8217;s intellectual exchanges with France because Bernier was bringing with him, ideas that were new and had not become current even in Europe! The more intellectually inclined among the Mughal elite were aware of atomistic philosophy, in the form it had existed in, especially in the ideas of Leucippos and Democritos. They had read the Persian and Arabic translations of these Greek and Hellenistic scholars by the early Arab translators such as al Kind\u012b and Hunain ibn Ishaq. This idea of atomism now suddenly acquired importance in 17th century India as a result of the translation provided by Fran\u00e7ois Bernier of the works of Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655). The attempts by Gassendi to reconcile mechanistic atomism with Christian belief in immortality, Free Will and the existence of an Infinite God and therefore infinite Creation were taken up by the man who was to assume immense importance in the 19th century, namely Q\u0101zi Muhibull\u0101h Bih\u0101ri. Bih\u0101ri&#8217;s treatise on the Diuz la yatadjuzz\u0101 meaning the particle which cannot be divided any further\u2019- was completed just a few years after the works of Gassendi had been popularised in India by Bernier and Danishmand Kh\u0101n. Incidentally it was the same Muhibull\u0101h Bih\u0101ri who went on to write his Ris\u0101l\u0101 (treatise) on Time, and on Motion-both of which became standard textbooks for the students of the early 18th century curriculum popular in Lucknow and Awadh as the Dars-i Niz\u0101mia. The Atomist Muhibull\u0101h Bih\u0101ri was a student of Shaikh Qutbudd\u012bn S\u0101halvi, whose son Niz\u0101mudd\u012bn designed the Dars-i Niz\u0101mia; lit. \u201cThe Curriculum of Nizamuddin.\u00a0 This syllabus that became the backbone for higher education in 19th century Awadh, laid so much emphasis on Greek logic and reasoning that the mull\u0101hs of Awadh and Delhi denounced it as it was considered anti-Islamic.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09be\u09ab \u099a\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u0995\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09ae, \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09a8\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be \u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09ae\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u099f\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u099f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u201c\u0986\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09a7 (\u098f\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u0985\u09af\u09cb\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a8\u09be) \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u2018\u09ac\u09cc\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09ac\u099c\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u2019\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 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\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b2\u0997 \u0986\u0981\u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09be \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09a6\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u0981\u09b8, \u09ac\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09ad\u09bf\u09b2, \u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0993 \u099c\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09a8 \u09af\u09cb\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab \u09a4\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u09ab\u09c7\u09a8\u09a5\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 (\u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u00a0\u00a0\u0986\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf, \u09a8\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b8\u09bf, \u0989\u09b2\u09c1\u0998 \u09ac\u09c7\u0997 \u0993 \u0986\u09ac\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ab\u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0998\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a8) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c0\u09df \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09af\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be, \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf (\u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u0993 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0998\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u0982\u09b6) \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a8: \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 \u0986\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09a7-\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09be \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09cc, \u09ab\u09c8\u099c\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6, \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u0987\u099a, \u0996\u09c8\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6, \u09ac\u09b2\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0, \u09ae\u09cb\u09b9\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a6\u09bf, \u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09a6 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 (\u09e7\u09ec\u09ee\u09ec-\u09e7\u09ed\u09eb\u09ed) \u0993 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8 \u09aa\u0981\u09b8 (\u09e7\u09ec\u09ef\u09ee-\u09e7\u09ed\u09eb\u09e8)-\u098f\u09b0 la Hire&#8217;s Tabulae-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u00a0\u00a0\u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c0\u09df \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09af\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u0987 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u099c\u09df \u09b8\u09bf\u0982 (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09df\u09be\u09a3 \u09e7\u09ed\u09ea\u09e9)-\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0990 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u00a0\u00a0\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ad\u09bf \u098f\u09a8 \u09b6\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be, \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be\u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">A major indicator of a civilisation&#8217;s intellectual stature is the manner in which it preserves its literary heritage. There are Persian manuscript collections in London, Paris, Oxford, Cambridge, Dublin, Glasgow, Berlin and even in Aberystywith, that were once busy libraries in India. They were carted away from the palaces of the Mughals and later from the libraries of 18th century rulers such as the Nawab of Awadh, the Afghan chief Hafiz Rahm\u00e4t Kh\u0101n, the Mysore ruler Tipu Sultan, etc. initially as a part of the looting that followed in the wake of early British conquests and then with the onset of Orientialism, out of a desire to preserve them for the superior western scholars; to save them from the destructiave hands of the natives.29 The books in Khuda Bakhsh Library, Patna, 30 in the Raza Library, Rampur, 31 as well as those in Hyderabad, Aligarh, and in the library of the Asiatic Society in Calcutta are the few that managed to survive this drain of intellectual wealth.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">However, prior to this colonial looting, provincial courts such as Awadh had become the repositories for the books once owned by the Mughals and the nobles serving the Empire. Thus in the 1780&#8217;s the library in Lucknow had 300,000 volumes with hundred of attendants. \u201cAll the jewels in Asaf ud-Daul\u0101h&#8217;s vaults would not have paid for a fraction of this treasure in books&#8217;, says a later chronicler.32 He makes it a point to add that only 700 were `inherited&#8217; from the libraries of the Salatin-i Taim\u016br\u012bya i.e. the Mughal kings &#8211; the rest were later acquisitions.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ab\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b2 \u0986\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The French were avid buyers of Sanskrit manuscripts &#8211; some of the Jesuits like Pons had them copied both for their centres in India as well as for the Biblioth\u00e8que du Roi in Paris which besides its official commission from the King, was also building up a good collection of Farsi and Arabic mss through the efforts of Law de Lauriston, Anquetil du Perron, Gentil, Polier, Claude Martin was collecting them for himself and it was his collection that was most callously sold offin lots and thus dispersed between 1801 and 1805.A similar fate was reserved for his collection of natural history drawings that he had ordered his commissioned and trained Indian artists to execute\u0964<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09a7-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09c0 \u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ae\u09cb\u0997\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09b9\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u0993\u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u099c\u09c7\u09ac\u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09c0\u00a0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u099c 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\u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ed\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae \u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u099c \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u0964 \u0987\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09ae \u0986\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4\u09bf <span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987 \u09b6\u09b9\u09c0\u09a6 \u0987\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0997\u09a8\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = 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\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf-\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09b8\u099c\u09bf\u09a6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u0997\u09c8\u09b8\u09b9 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099a \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0995 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0987\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0983\u00a0 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