{"id":27494,"date":"2021-07-10T20:24:49","date_gmt":"2021-07-10T14:54:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=27494"},"modified":"2021-07-14T13:57:04","modified_gmt":"2021-07-14T08:27:04","slug":"%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%83%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%af%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%97%e0%a7%87-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a7%87%e0%a7%9f%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%a6","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=27494","title":{"rendered":"\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09dc\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09be"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u099c\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u09df \u099a\u09cc\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"20959\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=20959\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shubharthain.jpg?fit=136%2C151&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"136,151\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"shubharthain\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shubharthain.jpg?fit=136%2C151&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/shubharthain.jpg?fit=136%2C151&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" 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\u098f\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf \u0987\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09b8 \u09a1\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b8 (EM-DAT)-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c0, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09e9 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e9 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09e7\u09ef\u09e9\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ea\u09e9,\u09e9\u09ee\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ec,\u09e8\u09e8,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u0987 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src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C360&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C360&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?resize=678%2C381&amp;ssl=1 678w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayitain@2.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" 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\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09ae\u0987 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09dc\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09ac\u0987 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09df\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u0995 [The Human Development Index (HDI)] \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u0995 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014 \u099c\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u09df, \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09a4, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be-\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0998\u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09df\u099c\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09a7\u09be\u09ac\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 HDI \u099c\u09a8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf-\u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 HDI-\u09b0 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0\u2014 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u099c\u09a8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u09df, \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u2014 \u0997\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09b9\u0997 (Gini coefficients) \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 IHDI \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 HDI-\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 IHDI \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ad\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u098f-\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u0986\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be-\u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09b6\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09df\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4 \u09a4\u09cb \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be, \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae-\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09cb\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09b0\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997-\u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u0964 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u099c\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b6\u09c2\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995, \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 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href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=27531\"><img data-attachment-id=\"27457\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=27457\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=525%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"525,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"reserved\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=525%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-27457 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?w=525&amp;ssl=1 525w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<h1>Women\u2019s vulnerability to the effects of natural disasters<\/h1>\n<h2><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>Joyita Roy Chowdhury<\/strong><\/span><\/h2>\n<pre><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Assistant Professor of Economics, FLAME University, Pune<\/span><\/strong><\/pre>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Environmental shocks like prolonged floods have major implications for agricultural production. Moreover, these extreme weather conditions exert additional pressures on small farming communities in developing countries where most poor farmers depend on rain-fed agriculture. Therefore, climate variability is a critical source of risk for rural households in developing countries. These shocks impose costs on them primarily through loss of income and destruction of assets.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The phenomenon of natural disasters in the form of high floods is widespread in India, mainly in the coastal belts. Between 1983 and 2013, 193 floods killed 43,382 people and affected 622 million people (Emergency Events Database (EM-DAT)). Floods have caused the highest death toll, with nearly 39% of the people killed due to floods between 1983 and 2013 (EM-DAT). Hence, flooding is the most lethal disaster in India.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">In India, 69% of households live in rural areas, accounting for 71% of the total population (Govt. Of India, Employment and Unemployment Situation in India (EUSI), 2011-2012). The high dependence on agriculture with the increasing frequency of floods and cyclones creates extreme volatility of income. The frequent occurrence of floods adversely affects rural households through damage to crops, houses, and public infrastructure, with crop losses at 0.18% of total GDP annually due to floods between 1980 and 2011. Women in rural India are disproportionately occupied in the agricultural sector for their livelihood and are most likely to be impacted by crop damage caused by flood disasters. No significant income diversification has occurred for women despite a structural shift of employment from the agricultural to the non-agricultural sector.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">In 2011-12, 75% of the female had to depend on the agricultural sector for their livelihoods compared to 59% of the male workforce (EUSI, Govt. of India, 2011-12). Although the access to the non-agricultural sector for better economic opportunities helps to reduce the uncertainties faced by farm households, this opportunity is most likely to be opted by men relative to women. Many rural women work on family farms or as casual wage laborers due to lack of access to resources and restrictions on mobility to take up alternate employment opportunities in non-agricultural sectors. Therefore, women depend more heavily on the agricultural sector than do male workers. Even today, a significant proportion of women do not have access to education, health care, sanitation, and livelihood measures. In addition, social and cultural norms restrict women&#8217;s mobility from the agricultural sector to non-agricultural sectors.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">According to the report published by the United Nations (2009), women have limited rights over land, with fewer than 10% of women owning land. Less control over productive assets and markets hinders women&#8217;s ability to adapt and respond to natural disasters. Gender social norms coupled with unequal access to resources adversely affect female labor force participation in the non-agricultural sector. A disproportionate burden of family responsibility is placed on women, hindering their ability to opt for outside employment opportunities. The lack of alternate non-agricultural employment opportunities coupled with the mobility constraints forced upon women by the traditional cultural practices in the patriarchal social system contributes to making them more vulnerable than men to flood disasters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">An empirical study by Roy Chowdhury et al. (2001), published in World Development, showed how social and cultural norms restrict women&#8217;s mobility and participation outside the household, resulting in greater vulnerability than men to flood disasters. The authors examined the differential impact of inequality-adjusted human development on male and female deaths due to floods for 19 Indian states from 1983 to 2013. The study finds that an increase in the inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI) affected men and women differently as higher human development greatly reduced male fatalities from floods compared to female flood fatalities. These findings indicate the greater vulnerability of women to floods. Given that rural women in India are primarily confined to household chores and family care work, they are not fully capable of participating in local decision-making. Thus, women&#8217;s traditional role behavior and social responsibilities impose structural constraints on their participation in activities outside the household, which reduces their access to warning information, thus increasing their vulnerability to disasters.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">In particular, when we focus on disaster-related deaths, it is essential to consider a comprehensive measure of economic and human development. The Human Development Index (HDI) is a multi-dimensional index that combines three essential indicators: per capita income, education, and longevity to measure a country&#8217;s social and economic progress. Thus, HDI is a better measure than per-capita income to assess disaster-related mortalities and economic losses closely associated with social and economic well-being. The inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI) is constructed by estimating the Gini coefficients for three major parameters of HDI; income, education, and longevity. The original HDI does not account for distributional concerns; however, the IHDI helps us understand inequalities in human development.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Estimating the relationship between gender and flood-related deaths is important, particularly in the context of India, where most women depend on climate-sensitive agriculture. Rural women in India are mostly occupied in the agriculture and allied sectors, which suffer frequent crop damages due to varying degrees of natural disasters. The familial responsibilities and traditional practices restrict their interaction with the outside world, including participation in village-level public meetings. In addition, these practices severely limit their access to critical and timely information, including flood warnings and mitigation measures.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The government needs to prepare gender-responsive actions, leading to a zero-disaster mortality rate. Enhancing the involvement of women in social, political, and economic decision-making is essential, including the electoral process, which can eliminate the traditional cultural bias against women. In addition, increased expenditure on gender budgeting and greater participation of women in political decision-making can reduce gender-based vulnerability to floods. Moreover, the government must focus on a comprehensive measure of development by considering the application of the inequality-adjusted HDI and its impact on gender-disaggregated mortality due to floods in the Indian context. This would help create gender-sensitive policies to mitigate disaster fatalities.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?cat=3319\"><img data-attachment-id=\"27457\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=27457\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=525%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"525,525\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"reserved\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?fit=525%2C525&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-27457 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/reserved.jpg?w=525&amp;ssl=1 525w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=27494\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe {\n\t\t\t    width: 100% !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t  <\/style>\n\t\t  ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u099c\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u09df \u099a\u09cc\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0 <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=27494\" title=\"\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09dc\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":27487,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[3319],"tags":[3323,562,634,559,827],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/jayita.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8MQkn-79s","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":23285,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=23285","url_meta":{"origin":27494,"position":0},"title":"\u099c\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1-\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u099f \u0993 \u099c\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf","date":"January 1, 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