{"id":33384,"date":"2023-05-27T01:53:43","date_gmt":"2023-05-26T20:23:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=33384"},"modified":"2023-05-27T21:50:32","modified_gmt":"2023-05-27T16:20:32","slug":"%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a7%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%9c%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%9e%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=33384","title":{"rendered":"\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"18876\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=18876\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?fit=302%2C361&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"302,361\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayanta bhattacharya\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?fit=251%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?fit=302%2C361&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-18876 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?resize=150%2C179&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"179\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?resize=251%2C300&amp;ssl=1 251w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/jayantain.jpg?w=302&amp;ssl=1 302w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n\n<strong>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995, \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0<\/strong><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><span style=\"color: #339966;\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u098f\u0995 \u2018\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u2019 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09b6\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u201c\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09cb\u2019\u09b8 \u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u201d \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u2014 \u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c2\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cPharmacia <em>(Pharmakeia) <\/em>is also a common noun signifying the administration of the <em>pharmakon, <\/em>the drug: the <em>medicine and\/or poison<\/em>. \u201cPoisoning\u201d was not the least usual meaning of \u201cpharmacia.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> \u098f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09af\u09c7, \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0987 \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09a4\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u0985\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a0\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ea\u09e9\u09a4\u09ae \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u0995\u09b9\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u2014 \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ec \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0996\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb-\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09b8\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be (WHO)\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df <em>Cholera and related diarrhoeas: molecular aspects of a global health problem: [proceedings of the] 43rd Nobel Symposium<\/em>\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0-<\/em>\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>Participants were reminded of how far we have come in a short time by the presence of one of the Indian investigators, S. N. De (Calcutta), who in the late 1950s first showed that the symptoms of cholera could be produced in laboratory models by cell-free products of the cholera vibrio<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u099f\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ea\u09e9\u09a4\u09ae \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae \u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997, \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 Nobel Symposium Committee \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ac\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 <strong>\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ad\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u099b\u09bf<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c2\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09cb\u09a6\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a8\u09df, \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u09bf\u09ae\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b8\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09aa\u09ce \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"33380\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=33380\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?fit=626%2C629&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"626,629\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?fit=626%2C629&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-33380\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?resize=400%2C402&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"402\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@1-1.jpg?w=626&amp;ssl=1 626w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0995 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0985\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">De\u2019s method to understand the pathogenesis of cholera was distinctly different from all previous approaches. At that time, researchers believed that the pathogenesis of cholera was related to <em>endotoxin<\/em> and therefore used a multiplicity of methods and routes to replicate the disease which included introducing cholera stools into a variety of animals with little success &#8230; Not only was De able to replicate the disease with the causative organism introduced in the ileal loops of the rabbit but also was able to replicate the disease with bacteria-free culture filtrate of <em>V. cholerae<\/em> <em>clearly showing that the exotoxin nature of cholera toxin<\/em>. He also went on to perform experiments which led to the birth of the concept of enterotoxin producing <em>Escherichia coli<\/em> which today is firmly entrenched as enterotoxigenic <em>E. coli.<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u098f\u0995 \u2018\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a1\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u2019 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b9\u09c3\u09a6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09a6\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09df \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09a8\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a4\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33381\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33381\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"33381\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=33381\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=469%2C569&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"469,569\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=469%2C569&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-33381\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=400%2C485&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"485\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1 247w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@2.jpg?w=469&amp;ssl=1 469w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33381\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09b0\u09df \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<figure id=\"attachment_33382\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-33382\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"33382\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=33382\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=860%2C483&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"860,483\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=860%2C483&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-33382 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=640%2C359&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=640%2C359&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=768%2C431&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=678%2C381&amp;ssl=1 678w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayantain@3.jpg?w=860&amp;ssl=1 860w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-33382\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u098f \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df, \u0989\u0987\u0995\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: Kalpurush; font-size: 14pt;\">\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09be \u0987\u09a8\u09ab\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0987\u0989\u099c\u09bf\u09a8 \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09ab\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cMapping Cholera Research and the Impact of Sambhu Nath De of Calcutta\u201d \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 (<\/span><em style=\"font-family: Kalpurush; font-size: 14pt;\">Current Comments<\/em><span style=\"font-family: Kalpurush; font-size: 14pt;\">, Number 14, April 1986) \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">De and colleagues also published highly cited pioneering studies on <em>V. cholerae <\/em>action on the intestinal membrane. The 1953 paper \u201cAn experimental study of the mechanism of action of <em>Vibrio cholerae <\/em>on the intestinal mucous membrane\u201d is De\u2019s most-cited paper, cited 340 times since its publication. De passed away just before we wrote to ask him for a <em>Citation Classic@ <\/em>commentary.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u0996 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 (\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0) \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7-\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u2014 \u0995\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf<\/strong>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df <em>Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology<\/em>-\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u201cAn experimental study of the mechanism of action of <em>V. cholerae<\/em> on the intestinal mucous membrane\u201d-\u098f \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c1\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09c3\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09cb\u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0996\u09b0\u0997\u09cb\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Rabbits weighing 1200-1500g. were not allowed food or water for twenty-four hours. With aseptic precautions and local procaine awsthesia, a midline incision about two inches long was then made just below the middle of the abdomen, which was opened by cutting through the muscles and peritoneum. A segment of small intestine taken midway between its upper and lower ends was isolated with two silk ligatures; blood vessels were carefully avoided.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09a5\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09ce\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">These results suggest that <em>Vibrio cholerae <\/em>alters the permeability of intestinal capillaries to proteins.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a<\/em>-\u098f (\u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e7) \u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 (\u201cA De in the life of cholera\u201d) \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">fundamental misconception in cholera pathogenesis was swept away when S.N. De used ligated loops of rabbit ileum to demonstrate lumenal fluid accumulation in the presence of <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em> culture filtrates &#8230; The discovery was not so much ahead of its time as desperately awaited, but still De\u2019s new model of pathogenesis had surprisingly little immediate impact. After a lag period of several years it was accepted, and a fresh generation of investigators boosted cholera from scientific obscurity to paradigm status.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef-\u098f <em>\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>-\u098f \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cEnterotoxicity of Bacteria-free Culture-filtrate of <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Two Ogawa strains of <em>V. cholerae<\/em> maintained for six months in the laboratory by fortnightly subculture on agar slopes, and two Inaba strains maintained similarly for about eighteen months have been used for this study.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0987\u0981\u09a6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">WHO-\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c0\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Between 1951 and 1959, Sambhu Nath De made crucial discoveries on the pathogenesis of cholera that changed the course of our understanding of the disease.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09cb\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em> \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u09a6\u09c1\u2019\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">De began his studies on the remarkable pathological changes in the kidneys in cholera cases which <strong>showed renal shunt mechanism in operation \u2013 a feature of many other toxic conditions<\/strong>. He published a number of papers on this topic between 1950 and 1955.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 Dr. B. C. Roy Memorial Oration-\u098f<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>Vibrio cholera <\/em><strong>has now been promoted to the rank of few exotoxin producing bacteria<\/strong>. However, diphtheria exotoxin was discovered within four years of the discovery of the bacillus, tetanus exotoxin within six years and botulism toxin at the same time as the organism. <strong>It has taken seventy five years for cholera exotoxin to be discovered in 1959 after the organism was discovered by Robert Koch in 1884<\/strong>&#8230;<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u099c\u09df\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 \u099c\u09cb\u09b6\u09c1\u09df\u09be \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09c0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u201ciconoclastic creativity, experimental skill, and observational mastery\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 <em>\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em> \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09e6 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0987 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u2014 \u201cS. N. De \u2013 Regicide of Reigning Dogma\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e8\u09ee-\u09ec\u09e8\u09ef)\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Can we but still find a still deeper theoretical foundation for logical argument and expression in our arena of research? (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e8\u09ef)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09cb\u09b2\u099c\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 W. E. van Heyningen \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8 \u201cThe Berlin Cholera Conferences of 1984 and 1985\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e6-\u09ec\u09eb\u09e8)\u0964 \u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7, \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u09b2, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09df\u0995\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u098f \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u0964\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e8) \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cHis short letter to <em>Nature <\/em>(1959) 183, 1533, on \u2018Enterotoxicity of bacteria-free culture of filtrate of <em>Vibrio cholerae<\/em>\u2019 is a classic of medical and biochemical history.\u201d (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09eb\u09e8)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 (\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u0983\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4) W. E. van Heyningen \u098f\u09ac\u0982 John R. Seal-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 <em>CHOLERA: The American Scientific Experience, 1947-1980<\/em>\u2013\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">in 1959, S. N. De of Calcutta very clearly demonstrated the existence in cholera culture filtrates of an exotoxin that mimicked the symptom of cholera that was responsible for all the ill effects of the disease, namely, the outpouring of fluid into the gut. In other words, cholera, like diphtheria and tetanus, was an exotoxinosis. But <strong>the significance of De&#8217;s discovery was not immediately grasped, and his historical paper went unnoticed for some years, even, apparently, in the PSCRL<\/strong> (Patient Security Category Review List). (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ec\u09ef)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0 Joh p. Craig \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201cS. N.De \u2013 An Appreciation\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b8 \u098f\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf toxinosis \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u099a\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 cellular and molecular events-\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u099c\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 &#8230; De not only developed and perfected the model, he also used it and described it with such patient and painstaking skill that his colleagues throughout the world could continue the work he began with confidence and satisfaction. (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e9\u09ed)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e9\u09e7 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 W. E. van Heyningen (\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae \u09a1\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09cb\u09b2\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b0\u09bf\u09a1\u09be\u09b0) \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 (\u09e7) \u201cI think your work of tremendous significance and most serious researchers on cholera throughout the world acknowledge this.\u201d, (\u09e8) \u201cIt is a great honour for me to be in correspondence with you.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09a4\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09cd\u0997\u09c1\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf <strong>\u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf (grocery shop)\u2014 <\/strong>\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u0997\u09a8\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09b0\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ab\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09df\u09be\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u098f \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u099d\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u098f\u09b8\u098f\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u0987 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 <em>Sambhunath De: the Discovery of Cholera Toxin<\/em>\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 <em>\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09df\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">De\u2019s discovery of cholera toxin introduced a new paradigm in research on cholera. A recent search done on November 19, 2009 in the PubMed database using the keyword \u201ccholera toxin\u201d yielded a phenomenal 11,168 publications that the work of De spawned. De\u2019s work on cholera toxin has impinged into diverse areas such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and immunology.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cb\u09b8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">When discoveries are published in scientific literature, they are presented in a form <strong>which does not tell us very much about how things really happened<\/strong>.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09b0\u09ae \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997, \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 Nobel Symposium Committee \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09ac\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ad\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u099b\u09bf\u0964 (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09ef\u09eb)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09a4\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09b2\u09be\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09eb-\u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 (\u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09b9\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7) \u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u099a\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cb\u09b8\u0964 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09ab\u09b2\u0995 \u099b\u09c1\u0981\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09c0\u09b7\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6, \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf, \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099c\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0-\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be, \u2018\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u2019 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be, \u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u098f \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ab \u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0982\u099f\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09ce \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 <em>Holy Science: The Biopolitics of Hindu Nationalism<\/em>\u0964 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09ee\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014 (\u09e7) INTRODUCTION. Avatars for Bionationalism: Tales from (An)Other Enlightenment; (\u09e8) Home and the World: The Modern Lives of the Vedic Sciences; (\u09e9) Colonial Legacies, Postcolonial Biologies: The Queer Politics of (Un)Natural Sex; (\u09ea) \u201cReturn of the Native: Nation, Nature, and Postcolonial Environmentalism; (\u09eb) Biocitizenship in Neoliberal Times: On the Making of the \u201cIndian\u201d Genome; (\u09ec) Conceiving a Hindu Nation: (Re)Making the Indian Womb; (\u09ed) CONCLUSION. Avatars for Dreamers: Narrative\u2019s Seductive Embrace; \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (\u09ee) Epilogue. Finding India: The Afterlives of Colonialism.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>-\u098f \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 (\u09e8\u09eb \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef) \u201c\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09bf\u0982 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099c\u09ae \u0987\u09a8 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u09b0\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Another of Subramaniam\u2019s examples reveals that scientific and religious aims can merge, arguably more positively. The government-driven Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project, which launched in 2005, aimed to dredge a passage through limestone shoals between islands off the coasts of India and Sri Lanka. <strong>Environmental scientists who protested against the destruction of this fragile ecosystem found themselves on the same side as Hindu leaders who see the site as sacred <\/strong>(<strong>the shoals feature in the epic poem the Ramayana, as a bridge built by the deity Rama and his army of monkeys<\/strong>). Ultimately, the Archaeological Survey of India, the supreme court and the parliament were drawn into the debate. Work on the project halted in 2009.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">It is disconcerting to track how easily Hindu nationalists appropriate South Asian history <em>as <\/em>Hindu history and how uncritically they embrace Western science <em>as <\/em>Vedic science in order to forge the idea of India as a Hindu nation and a global superpower. <strong>But I do not want to cede Hinduism to Hindu nationalism. Hinduism is a heterogeneous, diverse, polyvocal, and polytheistic religion that proves to be infinitely flexible and adaptable. There is no singular fundamental text, no singular religious authority, no singular code of conduct, no singular religious ritual, no singular religious practice, no singular god<\/strong>. Hinduism can also be seen as an assemblage of vibrant traditions, including ones that embrace nonviolent, pluralistic thinking and an idea of India as a multireligious, secular, democratic republic. (\u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e7\u09ec-\u09e8\u09e7\u09ed)<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a8\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0983\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8, \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09b0\u0987\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><strong> Derrida, Jaques. \u201cPlato\u2019s Pharmacy\u201d in <em>Dissemination<\/em>. tr. Johnson, Brabrara. London: Athlone Press. 1981. p70.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> <em>Cholera and related diarrhoeas: molecular aspects of a global health problem: [proceedings of the] 43rd Nobel Symposium<\/em>. ed. Ouchterlony, \u00d6rjan and Holmgren, Jan. Stockholm: S Karger. 1980. p173.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Nair, G. Balakrishnan &amp; Takeda, Yoshifumi. \u201cDr. Sambhunath De: Unsung Hero\u201d, <em>Indian Journal of Medical Research<\/em> 133. Feb 2011. p117.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> <em>\u09a8\u09c7\u099a\u09be\u09b0<\/em>\u0964 \u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ef\u09eb\u09ef\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09eb\u09e9\u09e9-\u09e7\u09eb\u09e9\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u201cFrom endotoxin to exotoxin: De\u2019s rich legacy to cholera\u201d. <em>Bull World Health Organ <\/em>2010; 88: 237\u2013240.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u201cLife and Work of Sambhu Nath De\u201d. \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u201cCholera Exotoxin \u2013 a delayed discovery\u201d. \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> \u09ad\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09ae \u09eb\u09ef, \u09e7\u09e9-\u09e7\u09ea \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0964 \u09e8\u09eb \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987, \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09e6\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 Supplement to Current Science \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u0987 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u201cDr Sambhu Nath De: unsung hero\u201d. <em>Indian J Med Res<\/em> 133. February 2011. p127.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8, \u0985\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09ad \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u099c\u09b2\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u201cLife and Work of Sambhu Nath De\u201d. <em>Resonance<\/em>. \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09e8\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ef\u09eb\u09e7\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> <em>\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09ef\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=33384\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe {\n\t\t\t    width: 100% !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t  <\/style>\n\t\t  ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af &nbsp; <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=33384\" title=\"\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b6\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09a6\u09c7\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":33383,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[3912],"tags":[2121,730,3915],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/jayanta.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8MQkn-8Gs","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":32271,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=32271","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":0},"title":"\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e8 \u2014 \u09b7\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7, \u09b7\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be","date":"December 1, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u00a0 \u201c\u098f \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09b8\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df, \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u201d\u2014 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u098f \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0, \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u201cduring the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind.\u201d \u0997\u09a4 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/sompa.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":33367,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=33367","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":1},"title":"\u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09a8-\u09ad\u09c1\u09ac\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af","date":"May 27, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09bf\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u00a0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af-\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995, \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0987, \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u09df \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u0987, \u098f\u09b9\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09ac\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 | \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/bodhisattwa.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":32202,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=32202","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":2},"title":"\u099c\u099f\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09cc\u0997 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0","date":"December 1, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b8 \u099a\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u00a0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09a4\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995, \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0996\u09bf, \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u09ab\u09c1\u09b2-\u09ab\u09b2 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09c0 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09df-\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099c\u09a8 (\u09af\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u0983\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8)\u2014 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf? \u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u098f \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 '\u09ae\u09cc\u09b8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf' \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09a8\u09cb\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e8&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/manas.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":4917,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=4917","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":3},"title":"\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf-\u0995\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09be\u09a3\u09c7","date":"March 1, 2018","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c1 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u00a0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0\u00a0\u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0993 \u09a6\u09c7 \u0986 \u09ac\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09be\u00a0(\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf), \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09bf\u0997\u09be\u09ab\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u00a0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b9\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09b0\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09a6\u09cb\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u00a0(\u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3) \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09b9\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u00a0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c7 \u09b2\u09b8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0987\u09a8\u09cb\u09b8 \u09a6\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u00a0(\u099a\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09bf)-\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u099e\u09b2\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b0\u09be&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/03\/parra2.jpg?fit=1200%2C499&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":39224,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=39224","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":4},"title":"\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0: \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997-\u09aa\u09a5\u09bf\u0995","date":"May 31, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09a4\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u00a0 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09ce\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u0995 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be, \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u0987, \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09aa\u09be\u09a4-\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a7\u09be, \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09aa \u09b0\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8, \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/06\/taparati@jayant.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":34191,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=34191","url_meta":{"origin":33384,"position":5},"title":"\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u2014 MCDSA, \u09af\u09cc\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b2\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8","date":"August 10, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u00a0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u098f\u09ae\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u09b8\u098f \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u2014 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ae\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u09b8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u09b8\u098f\u09b8 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u09a1\u09bf\u098f\u09b8\u098f-\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df-\u09b8\u09ae\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09a4\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09b8\u09c7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u099c \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7, \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09a6\u09cd\u09af | \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/08\/jayanta.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]}],"amp_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33384"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/8"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33384"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33384\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33386,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33384\/revisions\/33386"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/33383"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33384"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33384"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33384"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}