{"id":38224,"date":"2025-01-22T20:21:38","date_gmt":"2025-01-22T14:51:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38224"},"modified":"2025-01-23T04:09:45","modified_gmt":"2025-01-22T22:39:45","slug":"%e0%a7%a7%e0%a7%ae%e0%a7%a9%e0%a7%a6-%e0%a7%aa%e0%a7%a6-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%a6%e0%a6%b6%e0%a6%95%e0%a7%87%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%b2%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38224","title":{"rendered":"\u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e6-\u09ea\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u2014 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af, \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"36613\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=36613\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,420\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayanta bhattacharya\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-36613 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?resize=150%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?resize=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1 214w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?w=300&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><em><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09c7\u09b2\u09a5 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09b2 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u098f\u0995 \u0995\u09ae \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be, \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u0995 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u099c \u098f-\u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c0\u09df \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7, \u0997\u09cd\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a1\u0989\u0987\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09ac \u09e7\u09ed\u09ee\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7-\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1-\u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u09a8\u099c\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09dc\u09c7\u2014 (\u09e7) \u201c\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09ac \u09ae\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09bf\u09a6\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u2014 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cb\u09b6\u09be\u0995\u0986\u09b6\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u2014 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u201d; (\u09e8) \u201c\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b6\u09b0\u09ac\u09a4 \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7\u201d; \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (\u09e9) \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ae\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u2014 \u201c\u09b6\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09bf\u09a6\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0996\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 <em>\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09ae\u09b9\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u09b6\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4<\/em>\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09df \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09ae\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a1\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09eb\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7, \u09ae\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09bf\u09a6\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7-\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09ae\u09b9\u09b2 \u09aa\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09dc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u099c\u09ae\u09a4\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf, \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 <em>\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09aa\u09a3 <\/em>\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09e7\u09ee \u09ae\u09be\u0998, \u09e7\u09e8\u09ea\u09e8 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09e9\u09e6 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ec-\u098f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09cb\u099f\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u201c\u099a\u09c1\u0981\u099a\u09c1\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7-\u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201c\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u0987\u09a4\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u0986\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09e8\u09e6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09b8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09c1\u0981\u099a\u09c1\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0995\u09c1\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e7\u09ee\u09ec \u09ae\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u0987\u09df\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0990 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09ae\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09e7\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09a7\u09bf \u09e7\u09e9 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09df \u09b9\u0987\u09df\u09be\u099b\u09c7\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab? \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e7\u09e8\u09e6 \u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be, \u09e8\u09e6 \u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u099a\u0993\u09dc\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09e8 \u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4 \u0996\u09cb\u0981\u09dc\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u0997\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c7\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u09af\u09a4\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09ae\u09b8\u09c3\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u09b8\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u0996\u09dc \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a0\u09c7\u09b8\u09c7 \u09e7 \u09ab\u09c1\u099f \u09ad\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ec \u0987\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u0997\u09be \u0996\u09dc \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f \u0995\u09dc\u09be\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09dc \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09cc\u09a4\u09c2\u09b9\u09b2\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09b9\u09a0\u09be\u09ce \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09c1\u0981\u099a\u09c1\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09aa\u09a3-\u098f \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ec-\u098f \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cc\u09a4\u09c2\u09b9\u09b2\u09cb\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u0995 \u09b8\u09c7 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u201c\u09b9\u09c1\u0997\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ab\u09be\u099f\u0995\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u099c \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u0996\u09c1\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u09a4\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1\u0987 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf \u099a\u09c1\u0981\u099a\u09c1\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0987 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u201cclaret wine\u201d \u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0964 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0995\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09ae\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09a8 (Maine) \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b9\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u0981\u09dc\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u201c\u09a8\u09bf\u0989 \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc\u09cb\u09b8\u09dc\u09cb \u0987\u09a8\u09a1\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7 \u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2<\/em> \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u0987\u09b8\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u098f-\u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09b2, \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a8 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 (Frederick Tudor) \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u098f-\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 Lonouville Clarke\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0, \u09e7\u09ed\u09ed\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09e8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b2\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ed\u09ed\u09ea-\u098f \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0987\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09be \u0987\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7 (Elijah Impey) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8 \u09aa\u09bf\u0995\u0995 (Barnes Peacock), \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09a8\u0964 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u099c\u09cb\u09a8\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09a1\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f-\u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8, \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0982\u09df\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u099a\u09b2\u099b\u09c7 \u098f-\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09df \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 Lonouville Clarke-\u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u201d \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 (\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a8 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0) \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099b\u09cb\u099f ice house \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u099f\u09c7\u2014 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0995\u09c7 \u09a0\u09bf\u0995\u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u098f\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u2014 \u201c\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38218\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38218\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38218\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38218\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=498%2C863&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"498,863\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=173%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=498%2C863&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38218\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?resize=400%2C693&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"693\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?resize=173%2C300&amp;ssl=1 173w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@1.jpg?w=498&amp;ssl=1 498w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38218\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09b2\u09c1\u0987\u09ad\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995-\u098f\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f-\u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u09e7\u09e8 \u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ed-\u098f\u09b0\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7-\u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09b6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf-\u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8-\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09dc \u0986\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u201cIce Meeting\u201d-\u098f \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0998\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38219\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38219\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38219\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38219\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=700%2C501&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"700,501\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=300%2C215&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=700%2C501&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38219 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C458&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"458\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C458&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=300%2C215&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@2.jpg?w=700&amp;ssl=1 700w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38219\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u201c\u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 \u099b\u09ac\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u09b8\u09cc\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7, \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099f\u09be\u0989\u09a8 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0982\u09df\u09c7 (\u09e7\u09e8 \u09ab\u09c7\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ed) \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac \u09aa\u09be\u09b6 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09ae\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09e8\u09eb,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u099a\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09be \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u0997\u09dc\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u2014 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u201d\u0964 \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 Lonouville Clarke \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9-\u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09a1\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09a8, \u0987\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8, \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u099f\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09c7\u09aa\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09c7\u09ae\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09aa \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u0964 \u098f\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099c\u09c7\u09ae\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09aa \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b8\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0996\u09b0\u09cb\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c0 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09cb\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Kathleen Blechynden-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e8 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 Cotton-\u098f\u09b0 <em>Calcutta Old and New<\/em><a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a>\u0964 \u098f-\u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u201c\u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u201d \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09dc \u09ac\u09dc \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u201cto cool\u201d\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u201c\u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u201c\u09b9\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7, \u099b\u09cb\u099f Small Cause Court \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u0982-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7, \u099a\u09cb\u0996 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b9\u09cb\u0981\u09a4\u0995\u09be \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u201c\u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u201d \u0997\u09c1\u0981\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09df\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u201c\u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u201d \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u2014 \u201c\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7 <em>iconoclastic<\/em>, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09b0\u09cb\u0993 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09c7\u0987, \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09eb\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 Wentham Lake \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be-\u09b6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c7\u0999\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u0995\u09c1\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u098f-\u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0986\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u099d\u0995\u09cd\u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u0995\u09ae \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e7\u09e9\u09e6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a5 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e8\u09e6,\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09aa\u09a5 \u09aa\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e6 \u099f\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09ad\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ec\u09e6 \u099f\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4, \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0997\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u0997\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09e8\u09e6 \u099f\u09a8 \u09a8\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09a4\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09e7 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4 \u09ec \u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e9 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09e7 \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Henry Spry \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 <em>Modern India<\/em> (Vol. 1, 1837) \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b0\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u0997\u09b2\u09bf \u09a8\u09a6\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09cb\u0999\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ad\u09cb\u09b0 \u09e9\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e9\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u201cof good serviceable ice\u201d \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09a4 \u09e8\u09e9\u09ec \u099f\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab-\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a1\u09be\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09df \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 Tuscany \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09ad\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a> Weightman \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cFrederick\u2019s ice was a sensation in Calcutta.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u09a8\u09bf\u0989 \u0987\u09df\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u099f\u09be\u0987\u09ae\u09b8<\/em> \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 (\u09e7 \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987, \u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u09ee) J. Milo Curci \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u201cFIRST ICE KING&#8217;S\u201d ROUGH SLEDDING; Frederick Tudor, a Century Ago, Worked Thirty Years Against Ridicule to Introduce \u201cYankee Coldness\u201d A Surprise for Dickens. Start of Ice Business. Tropics Shrank From Ice. Cargoes Went to Far East\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0993 \u099c\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09bf\u0982 \u0997\u09be\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u09ac\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09c2\u09ae\u09aa\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 &#8230; \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cc\u099b\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09b9\u09c7\u09a8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b6\u09b0\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0997\u09c7\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8 \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u099f\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9-\u098f \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a> \u0993\u09df\u09c7\u099f\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cThe British in Calcutta were quite obsessed with keeping cool. Houses were sometimes built with underground sitting rooms, and with raised terraces where advantage could be taken of cool breezes. Wetted cloths were hung over windows to provide a crude form of air conditioning, and the air was stirred constantly by punkahs.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u09b9\u09c1\u0997\u09b2\u09bf \u09a8\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ef\u09e6 \u09a1\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09b9\u09be\u0987\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b6\u09c7\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0995\u09c0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 <em>\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u099f<\/em> \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u201c\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u0993 \u09b9\u09df, \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099f\u09c7\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0998\u099f\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b9\u09be\u09df\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u0997\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u0989\u099f \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995 \u09e8\u09e8 \u09a8\u09ad\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0, \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9-\u098f \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0 \u0997\u09bf\u09b2\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09aa \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09e8.\u09eb \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09ab\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u201c$13,552 in 1834 (worth in 2010 US $353,000) from which freight charges needed to be subtracted.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a> \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u0993\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u0997\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09eb,\u09ee\u09e6\u09e6 \u099f\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099c\u09ae\u09bf\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09b9 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b9\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u201cremission of port duties\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0987 \u0985\u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u099c\u09a8\u0995 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8, \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09cb\u0987 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09b9\u09b2, \u098f\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09b8\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a1\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u2014 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09af\u09c7, \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0996\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 dirges (\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf, \u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4) \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09dc \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ed \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u09b9\u09c7\u0981\u099f\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09a4 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b2\u09b2\u09c7, \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf, \u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ed \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2 \u09aa\u09a5 \u09b9\u09c7\u0981\u099f\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u0986\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7\u2014 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4? \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u09a4 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ec-\u09e9\u09ee-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7? \u098f-\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0985\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09a8\u09cb \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u099f\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u201c\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09e8\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 (\u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7) \u09e8\u09e8\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ab\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u099f \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09a8\u0964\u201d \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u201c\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201cAmerican Ice\u201d \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09dc \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 <em>\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae<\/em><em>\u09be<\/em><em>\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2<\/em>-\u098f<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a>\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf, \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u0987\u09b8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u201d \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 Lonouville Clarke\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u0993 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ed-\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09c1\u09b2\u09be\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ad\u09be\u09df \u09e9\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae<\/strong> \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u201cremission of port duties\u201d \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 (\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8\u099f\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7) \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a6\u09be \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u099f\u09bf<\/strong> \u09b9\u09b2\u2014 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u201cvast importance to the public health, especially in cases of fever so incidental to this climate\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><strong>\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df<\/strong> \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u2014 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09c7\u09b2\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b2 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0982\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09e8\u09e8 \u099c\u09a8 \u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09aa\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0982\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f, \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf <em>\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09b8\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8 (Frederick Corbyn), \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 <em>The India Journal of Medical and Physical Science<\/em> (1836)-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 H. S. Mercks.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09c7\u09ae\u09b8 \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a8, \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 <em>Notes on the medical topography of Calcutta<\/em> (\u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09ed) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>The Influence of tropical climates on European constitutions <\/em>(\u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09ec)\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Officiating Army Hospital Corps \u0986\u09b2\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b2 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09b8\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099a\u09ac\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6 \u09aa\u09b0\u0997\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 Francis Pemble Strong.<a href=\"#_ftn29\" name=\"_ftnref29\">[29]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2\u09b8 \u09b8\u09bf \u098f\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f\u09a8, \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u099c\u09b0\u09cd\u099c \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0987\u0997\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099f, \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0\u09cb\u09ab\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0982\u099f\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f, \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 <em>A practical essay on some of the principal surgical diseases of India<\/em> (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09e6)\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u099c\u09c7\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u200d\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09b0 \u0985\u09ab \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b9\u09c7\u09a8\u09b0\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09ad\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995, \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09df \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u0987\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u0995\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0997\u09be\u0981\u099c\u09be \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u0995 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u0995 \u0993\u2019\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e8\u09ec \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09a8 \u099c\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u099f\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8, \u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u0993 \u0995\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09ae\u09b8 \u09b9\u09be\u0989\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0985\u09ab\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn30\" name=\"_ftnref30\">[30]<\/a> \u098f\u09ac\u0982<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u0993\u2019\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf, \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995 <em>On Diseases of the Jaws, with a brief outline of their surgical anatomy<\/em> (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09ea)\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09b0 \u099b\u09ac\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"38220\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38220\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=448%2C867&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"448,867\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=155%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=448%2C867&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-38220\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=400%2C774&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=155%2C300&amp;ssl=1 155w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@3.jpg?w=448&amp;ssl=1 448w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"38221\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38221\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=474%2C260&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"474,260\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=300%2C165&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=474%2C260&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-38221\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?resize=500%2C274&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"500\" height=\"274\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?resize=300%2C165&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@4.jpg?w=474&amp;ssl=1 474w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0, \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u099a\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09b2 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09a4 \u0993\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201cinternal inflammation\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09b2\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201csoothes the sense of rending pain in the brain\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201cstrangulated hernia\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201cin various disorders, both surgical and medical\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201cmost valuable in certain cases of mania &#8230; in cases of uterine hemorrhage\u201d.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0989\u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u0995 \u0993\u2019\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ae\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u2014 \u201c\u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b9 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn31\" name=\"_ftnref31\">[31]<\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09ad \u099a\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u098f\u09aa\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09b8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u0986\u09b6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u09b8\u09ae\u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8<\/em>\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn32\" name=\"_ftnref32\">[32]<\/a> \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u098f\u09aa\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09b8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u099a\u0995 \u09ab\u09b2 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u201c\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0986\u0987\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u2014 \u0997\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7<em> \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be <\/em>\u098f\u09ac\u0982<em> \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8<\/em>\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn33\" name=\"_ftnref33\">[33]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09ab\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09b0\u09ab \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09c7\u09b2\u09a5 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09b2 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e9 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964 \u098f \u098f\u0995 \u0995\u09ae \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be, \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u0995 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38222\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38222\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38222\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38222\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=360%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"360,438\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=360%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38222\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?resize=400%2C487&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"487\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?resize=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1 247w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/jayantain@5.jpg?w=360&amp;ssl=1 360w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38222\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><strong> Blechynden, Kathleen. Calcutta Past and Present. W. Thacker. London. 1905. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e9\u09ea-\u09e9\u09eb\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u0964 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be, \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u0964 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e6-\u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09e6\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e9\u09eb\u09ed\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Ice-Making in Bengal. Penny Magazine of the Society for Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. May 27, 1837. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ee\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Cotton, H.E.A. Calcutta Old and New: A Historical &amp; Descriptive Handbook to the City. 1907. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ed\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09be \u099a\u09cc\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u098b\u09a3\u09c0\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Cotton-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c0, \u099f\u09bf\u0989\u09a1\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 apothecary-\u0993 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Herold, Marc W. Ice in the Tropics: the Export of \u2018Crystal Blocks of Yankee Coldness\u2019 to India and Brazil. Revista Espaco Academico, No. 142. Mar 2012. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ec\u09e8-\u09e7\u09ed\u09ed\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> No. XXVII, 1<sup>st<\/sup> May, 1837.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Calcutta Monthly Journal, No. XXVII. 1<sup>st<\/sup> May, 1837. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09e7\u09ee\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09e7\u09ef\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Calcutta: W. Newman &amp; Co., 1907.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Cotton. Calcutta Old and New. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be \u09e9\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Weightman, Gavin. The Frozen Water Trade: how the ice from New England lakes kept the world cool<em>.<\/em> \u201cA Cool Cargo for Calcutta\u201d, Chapter 8. 2003.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e9\u09ef\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be \u09e7\u09e7\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ef\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be \u09e7\u09ec\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af, \u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be \u09ec\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ec\u09ec\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Dickason, David G. \u201cThe Nineteenth-Century Indo-American Ice Trade: An Hyperborean Epic\u201d. Modern Asian Studies, Volume 25,\u200c Issue 01. Feb 1991. pp. 53-89. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09e9\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> American Ice. Calcutta Monthly Journal, Third Series, Vol. IV. 1838. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09e7\u09ee\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Calcutta Monthly Journal, Third Series: Vol. IV. 1838. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ed\u09e7\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be \u09e7\u09e7, ice was among the first of remedies in the hospitals. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef-\u09e7\u09ef\u09e6\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Calcutta Monthly Journal, Third Series: Vol. IV. 1838. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ed\u09e6-\u09e8\u09ed\u09eb\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> Crawford, D. G. Roll of the Indian Medical Service: 1615-1930, Vol. 1. 1930. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ed\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref29\" name=\"_ftn29\">[29]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ec\u09ee\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref30\" name=\"_ftn30\">[30]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ea\u09e6\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref31\" name=\"_ftn31\">[31]<\/a> Calcutta Monthly Journal, Third Series: Vol. IV. 1838. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ed\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref32\" name=\"_ftn32\">[32]<\/a> \u201cA Singular Case of Epilepsy\u201d. Medical Times and Gazette, 5 (New Series, 1852). pp. 406-408, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ea\u09e6\u09ee\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref33\" name=\"_ftn33\">[33]<\/a> \u0986\u09b6\u09c1\u09a4\u09cb\u09b7, \u0987\u09b6\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u201cFrozen modernity: the US-India ice trade and the cultures of colonialism\u201d. Cultural Geographies 2023, 30 (3): 413-328\u0964<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38224\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe {\n\t\t\t    width: 100% !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t  <\/style>\n\t\t  ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af &nbsp; <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38224\" title=\"\u09e7\u09ee\u09e9\u09e6-\u09ea\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 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\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u09a8\u09b8\u09bf\u0987\u0986\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09a6\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09c7?","date":"June 6, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u00a0 \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09aa\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u0982-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995, \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09cb\u09b7 \u0985\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09be\u0997\u09a4 \u098f \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 NCERT-\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099b\u09bf \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u2014 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u00a0 \u0997\u09a4 \u09e9\u09e6 \u09ae\u09c7, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9-\u098f\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/jayanta-2.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":39501,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=39501","url_meta":{"origin":38224,"position":1},"title":"\u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf \u09b9\u09df&#8230;","date":"July 24, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b8\u09cb\u09ae\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u00a0 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u099c \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c0\u09a8\u0964 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09b9\u09bf\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u0964 \u09b9\u09bf\u09ae\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u099f-\u09ad\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09af\u09bc \u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u099f\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0998\u09a8\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ad\u09cc\u09ae\u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 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