{"id":38535,"date":"2025-03-10T15:59:49","date_gmt":"2025-03-10T10:29:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38535"},"modified":"2025-03-11T00:37:16","modified_gmt":"2025-03-10T19:07:16","slug":"%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%9a%e0%a7%80%e0%a6%a8-%e0%a6%93-%e0%a6%aa%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%b0%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%a7%e0%a7%81%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38535","title":{"rendered":"\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u2014 \u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"36613\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=36613\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,420\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayanta bhattacharya\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-36613 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?resize=150%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?resize=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1 214w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/jayanta-bhattacharya.jpg?w=300&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09c1\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09c7\u0987, \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be-\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b2\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1, \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7, \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5, \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09a5, \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09b9\u09b2, \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae-\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df, soul-\u098f\u09b0-\u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u0993 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u099c \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b8 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cNeither belonging to a chorus nor sailing together nor having the same teacher is as great a thing as the boon and profit of being a fellow pilgrim to the temple of Asclepius and being initiated into the first of the holy rites by the fairest and most perfect torch-bearer and leader of the mysteries.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b8, \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cc\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af, \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u0987 \u0986\u0995\u09c1\u09b2\u09a4\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0, \u09ae\u09a0, \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ae\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38527\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38527\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38527\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38527\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=479%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"479,397\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=300%2C249&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?fit=479%2C397&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38527\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?resize=400%2C332&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?resize=300%2C249&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@1.jpg?w=479&amp;ssl=1 479w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38527\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u098f\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u0964 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0: \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b2<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 <em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be-<\/em>\u09b0\u0993 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09b2\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0986\u0997\u09c7-\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> \u09ac\u09cc\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09a6\u09bf\u09b8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09a5 \u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5 <em>Asceticism and Healing in Ancient India\u0983 Medicine in the Buddhist Monastery<\/em>-\u09a4\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cEvidence of Buddhist hospitals or monastic structures devoted to the care and treatment of the sick is meager. Monks and nuns were usually treated in their own cells. However, a reference in the Pali canon to a \u201chall of the sick\u201d (<em>gildnasald<\/em>), located at the Hall of the Peaked Gable (<em>kutdgarasala<\/em>) in the Great Forest (<em>mahavana<\/em>) near Vesali, points to a structure in the monastery compound set aside for the care of sick brethren &#8230; An inscription from Nagaijunikonda, dating from the third century c.e., suggests that a health house for the care of those suffering and recovering from fever was part of this famous Buddhist monastery.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38528\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38528\" style=\"width: 640px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38528\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38528\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=739%2C415&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"739,415\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@2\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?fit=739%2C415&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38528 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C359&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"359\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=640%2C359&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=300%2C168&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?resize=678%2C381&amp;ssl=1 678w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@2.jpg?w=739&amp;ssl=1 739w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38528\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09ef\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09a8\u09cb \u09ac\u09cc\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ae\u09a0 \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2\u0964 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0: Westside Gazette<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong><em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be<\/em><\/strong><strong> \u0993 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09a6\u09b6 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c7 (\u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09c0\u09df\u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df) \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09a7\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 <strong>\u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0<\/strong> \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ec \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e8 \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09c1\u09b6\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09a8\u09cc\u09b7\u09a7\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c3\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c3\u09dd \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1\u09b0\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 (\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ac\u09be\u09df\u09c1 \u099a\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be) \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b8 \u09a2\u09c1\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09df\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0998\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u099f\u09bf \u201c\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u201d \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0989\u0981\u099a\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u0989\u0981\u099a\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a7\u09cb\u0981\u09df\u09be, \u09b0\u09cb\u09a6 \u0993 \u09a7\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u0995\u09b0 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6, \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6, \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa, \u09b0\u09b8 \u0993 \u0997\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a8, \u0989\u09a6\u09c1\u0996\u09b2, \u09ae\u09c1\u09b7\u09b2, \u09ae\u09b2\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u0998\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0997\u09c3\u09b9 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c2\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c1\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2, \u09b6\u09c1\u099a\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c1\u09ad\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7, \u09a6\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09c1, \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09c1, \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09a3, \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u0995, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995, \u09b9\u09be\u09a4-\u09aa\u09be \u09b6\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995, \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u0995 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09af\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0993 \u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u099f\u09c1, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09be, \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09c0\u09a4, \u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a0 (\u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u2014 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09be\u09a0, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u09a8\u09df), \u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u0995, \u0997\u09be\u09a5\u09be, \u0986\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u0995\u09be, \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c7 \u0995\u09c1\u09b6\u09b2\u09c0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c1\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u099c\u09cd\u099e (\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0987\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0987 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c1\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af) \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c1\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ae\u09a4 \u0993 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09a6 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09be\u09ac (\u09ac\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u0996\u09bf), \u0995\u09aa\u09bf\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09b2 (\u099a\u09be\u09a4\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u0996\u09bf), \u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u0997, \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09aa\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099b \u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09c3\u0995\u09be \u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3 (\u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09a6\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09ce \u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7) \u0993 \u0989\u09b0\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09ad\u09c7\u09dc\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09df, \u09b6\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4, \u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09cb\u0997, \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09ac\u09ce\u09b8\u09be (\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be\u099b\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be), \u09a6\u09c1\u0997\u09cd\u09a7\u09ac\u09a4\u09c0 \u0997\u09be\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09c3\u09a3, \u09b6\u09cb\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09c3\u09b9 \u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u099a\u09ae\u09a8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 (\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u09aa\u09c1\u099c\u09cb\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u099c\u09b2 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09b6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf), \u099c\u09b2\u0995\u09cb\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0 (\u099c\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099f\u09ac), \u09b9\u09be\u0981\u09dc\u09bf, \u0995\u09b2\u09b8\u09bf, \u0998\u099f, \u0995\u09c1\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad, \u09b6\u09b0\u09be\u09ac, \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09be, \u099c\u09b2\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09a6\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1, \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09b8, \u09b2\u09cb\u09ae \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09a8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae \u0986\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09a3, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09a6\u09b0, \u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09b6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u099c\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c7\u09a4 \u201c\u099b\u09be\u0997\u09a6\u09bf \u09b2\u09cb\u09ae\u099c \u09b6\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0993 \u0986\u09b8\u09a8\u201d \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b0 (\u0997\u09be\u09dc\u09c1) \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u0993 (\u09a5\u09c1\u09a5\u09c1 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0) \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b6\u09df\u09a8, \u0989\u09aa\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b9, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6, \u0985\u09ad\u09cd\u09af\u0999\u09cd\u0997, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09a8, \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09c7\u0995, \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u09aa\u09a8, \u09ac\u09ae\u09a8, \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u099a\u09a8, \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u099a\u09a8, \u0986\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8, \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09b2\u09ae\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997 \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09be\u099c \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u0986\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u0995 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b6\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c1\u09a5\u09c1 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09b2, \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09ad\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09bf\u09a0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09b8\u09c1\u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09b2 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09c7-\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 proto-hospital \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09a1\u09c7\u09ae\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u099a\u09cb\u0996\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f-\u0985\u0982\u09b6\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf\u2014 \u0986\u09b6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e7 \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a4\u09c1\u09b2 \u09a7\u09a8\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a6 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0987 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 <strong>\u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09a0\u09bf\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u099a\u09a8 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/strong> \u09b8\u0995\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09c1\u09a3 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 <strong>\u09af\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac<\/strong> \u09b8\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f-\u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09a4\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2\u09be\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09c1\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09a7\u09a8\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a4, \u0995\u09c0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cc\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ae\u09a0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0, \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09df \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be, \u0996\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u201calms house\u201d \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09ac\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38529\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38529\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38529\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38529\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=557%2C559&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"557,559\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?fit=557%2C559&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38529\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=400%2C401&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"401\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@3.jpg?w=557&amp;ssl=1 557w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38529\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 alms house. \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0: \u0989\u0987\u0995\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0987 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0997\u09c3\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be <em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09df<\/em> \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be, \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 alms house-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u099c\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f-\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 alms house-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09c1\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cFor almost a 1,000 years, almshouses and hospitals had been organized and run in accordance with highly successful monastic models of prayer and work.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0982\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ed\u09ae \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u0989\u09df\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u0982<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b2\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09a5\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09be<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u201cIn this country there were formerly many <em>almshouses<\/em> to render help to the poor and needy or give them <em>free food and medicine<\/em>, and to provide travellers with meals so that they might dispel their fatigue.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a6\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u0997\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09ce\u0995\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 (A.D. 1069)\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09dc\u09c1\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b2\u09aa\u09c7\u099f<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a> \u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8\u0995\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u0995\u09c1\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ad\u09c7\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u099f\u09c7\u09b6 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b0\u09c1\u09ae\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7 \u0996\u09cb\u09a6\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09eb\u09eb \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09b6\u09a8 \u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09df \u09eb\u09eb \u09ab\u09bf\u099f\u0964 \u0996\u09cb\u09a6\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09ae\u09cb\u099f \u09eb\u09ea\u09e6 \u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09bf\u099f \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be \u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb, \u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09df \u09b9\u09df \u098f\u09b8\u09ac \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098b\u0997\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ec\u09e6 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae (\u09e7\u09e7\u09eb,\u09e8\u09e6\u09e6 \u09a4\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8) \u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ea \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be, \u0993\u099c\u09a8\u09c7 \u09e7\/\u09e8 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae) \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ec\u09e6 \u099c\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09cb\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7-\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09b0\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e7\u09eb\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ef\u09e6 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ee \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e9\u09e6 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09ab\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099c\u09a8 \u09ad\u09c7\u09b7\u099c \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09ec\u09e6 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09e8 \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a0 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0993 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u0964 \u09e8 \u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e9\u09e6 \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09e7 \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u0993 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e7\u09eb \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u098f\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09cb\u099f\u0996\u09be\u099f\u09cb \u0985\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c8\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09bf<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a> \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u0964 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa \u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b8\u09cb\u09df\u09be \u09e8 \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09b2-\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u0995 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09e7\u09eb \u0995\u09b2\u09ae \u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ea\u09e6 \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ac\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09b2\u2014 (\u09e7) \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09df\u09ae-\u0995\u09be\u09a6\u09c1\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf, (\u09e8) \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09be-\u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u0995\u09bf, (\u09e9) \u0997\u09cb\u09ae\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0-\u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u0995\u09bf, (\u09ea) \u09a6\u09b6\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2-\u09b9\u09b0\u09a4\u0995\u09bf, (\u09eb) \u09ad\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u0995-\u09b9\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u0995\u09bf, (\u09ec) \u0997\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c0\u09b0\u09be, (\u09ed) \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b2, (\u09ee) \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u0995 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b2, (\u09ef) \u09b2\u09b6\u09c1\u09a8\u09be\u09a6\u09c0-\u098f\u09b0\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1-\u09a4\u09c8\u09b2, (\u09e7\u09e6) \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae-\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09a6\u09bf-\u09a4\u09c8\u09b2, (\u09e7\u09e7) \u09b7\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09b2\u09b8-\u0998\u09c3\u09a4, (\u09e7\u09e8) \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf-\u0998\u09c3\u09a4, (\u09e7\u09e9) \u09ae\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c2\u0995\u09b0-\u09ac\u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be, (\u09e7\u09ea) \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf, (\u09e7\u09eb) \u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09b2, (\u09e7\u09ec) \u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0, (\u09e7\u09ed) \u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf, (\u09e7\u09ee) \u09ac\u099c\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa, (\u09e7\u09ef) \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a3\u0995-\u09b2\u09ac\u09a3, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 (\u09e8\u09e6) \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3-\u0998\u09c3\u09a4\u0964 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ea\u09ea\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u099f\u09bf \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0987 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u0993 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u098f-\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099c\u09b0\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0\u0964 \u098f \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df, \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b6\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u0986\u09df\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09b2 \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09a6\u0982\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 <em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be<\/em> \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u0997\u09ad\u099f \u09b0\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 <em>\u0985\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09b9\u09c3\u09a6\u09df<\/em>-\u098f \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09ee \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u0995 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b2-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, <em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be<\/em>-\u09df \u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cd\u09ae \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b2-\u09aa\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u0995\u2014 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f-\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e8\u09ea\u09ef \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09eb\u09e6 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ea\u09e9-\u09ea\u09eb \u0985\u0982\u09b6 \u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09e7\u09eb \u099c\u09a8 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09ad\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7, \u09ea\u09e6 \u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c1 \u09ad\u09c7\u09b7\u099c \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09bf\u09a6 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38530\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38530\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38530\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38530\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=543%2C543&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"543,543\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?fit=543%2C543&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38530\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?resize=400%2C400&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"400\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@4.jpg?w=543&amp;ssl=1 543w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38530\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0: BMCRI Lit Club.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09e9\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ac\u09c0\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995-\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cThe third share was granted in favour of three different institutions which were a <em>Pras<\/em><em>\u016b<\/em><em>ti-<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em> (\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2), an <em>\u0100<\/em><em>rogya-<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em> and a <em>Vipra-satra<\/em>. The reference to a <em>Pras<\/em><em>\u016b<\/em><em>ti-<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em>, i.e., maternity or lying-in hospital, in a record of the thirteenth century is very interesting. <em>\u0100<\/em><em>rogya-<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em> is a hospital.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u201cThe Srirangam inscription, dated \u015aaka 1415 (1493 A.D.), registers the gift of two <em>veli<\/em> land (old South Indian unit) made by \u015ar\u012bniv\u0101sa <em>alias<\/em> \u015ar\u012bra\u1e45gam Garu\u1e0dav\u0101hana-bha\u1e6d\u1e6da who repaired and renovated the <em>\u0100<\/em><em>rogya-<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>l<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em> or hospital. The hospital was constructed by one of \u015ar\u012bniv\u0101sa\u2019s ancestors.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38531\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38531\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38531\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38531\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=436%2C653&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"436,653\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?fit=436%2C653&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38531\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?resize=400%2C599&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"599\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@5.jpg?w=436&amp;ssl=1 436w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38531\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ae \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0996<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f-\u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0 \u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u0993 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8\u2014 \u201cFrom Hospitals to Hospital Medicine: Epistemological Medical Knowledge in India\u201d, \u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af, <em>Historia Hospitalium<\/em>, Band 28, Lit Verlag, 2013, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ea\u09eb-\u09ed\u09ea\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u0995\u09cb\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 <em>\u09af\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf<\/em>-\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 (\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7) <em>\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3 <\/em>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 (<em>\u0986\u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09b6\u09be\u09b2\u09be<\/em>) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 (\u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09a4) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cSince the four <em>puru<\/em><em>\u1e63\u0101<\/em><em>rthas <\/em>(the goals of life) viz. dharma, artha, k\u0101ma and mok\u1e63a, depend upon health, he who provides for securing this may be said tohave made gifts of everything.\u201d \u098f\u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u09b9\u09c7\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf (\u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0) \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0982\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3<\/em>-\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09bf\u0982\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u098f, \u098f\u09ae\u09a1\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ad\u09bf\u09b7\u0997\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09bf\u09b0\u09c0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 <em>The Surgical Instruments of the Hindus, with A Comparative Study of the Surgical Instruments of the Greek, Roman, Arab and the Modern European Surgeons<\/em> (\u09e7\u09ef\u09e7\u09e9, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1)-\u098f <em>\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3 <\/em>\u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e9 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c0 (\u09eb\u09e8-\u09eb\u09ea) \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7, \u098f\u0996\u09a8 <em>\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3<\/em>-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u2014 \u201cRealising the value; of health to holiness, the Nandi Purana extols the philanthropist whose charities are devoted to the <strong>erection of health homes and sanatoria for the benefit of the public<\/strong>.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\"><em>\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3 <\/em>\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u0986\u09b0\u09b8\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201c\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> \u09b9\u09be\u099c\u09b0\u09be \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cEqually interesting are the 25 metrical lines, quoted by Apar\u0101rka, Vall\u0101lasena and Hemadri, on the praise of foundation of hospitals (\u0101rogya-\u015b\u0101l\u0101) for the suffering humanity and the poor. According to these lines, such hospitals should be furnished with <em>qualified and experienced physicians and powerful medicines, and food, honey, ghee, etc., should be supplied to the patients free of costs<\/em>.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09df\u09c1\u099c\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201c\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ad\u09bf\u09a1\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u0985\u09ab \u09b9\u09b8\u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b2\u09b8 \u0987\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u201d \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014\u09aa \u201cTo place the practice of medicine is on a par with, or even over, the practice of ritual and sacrifice is a bold claim indeed, but it is again in line with ancient assertions that the practice of medicine could even lead to the acquisition of twice-born status for those of the <em>\u015b\u016b<\/em><em>dra <\/em>caste.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a> \u09df\u09c1\u099c\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09e7\u09e8\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09be\u09a3<\/em> \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cfor the sake of health, the patron (<em>yajam<\/em><em>\u0101<\/em><em>na<\/em>) should first use all his ability to design a building made of bricks and so on, as well as <strong>buildings for medicines<\/strong> and purifiers etc. It should be supplied with attendants of different kinds, with <strong>doctors<\/strong> of the aforementioned characteristics, with <strong>collections of herbs<\/strong> suitable for pacifying the different kinds of diseases, with resting houses.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u09e7\u09eb\u09ef\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09b9\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a6 \u0995\u09cb\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09bf (Quli) \u09a6\u09be\u09b0-\u0989\u09b8-\u09b6\u09bf\u09ab\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u09df\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ab\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c0 \u09b9\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0993\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b6\u09cb\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f-\u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u201cThe Bahamani King Allauddin Ahmed-II (1436 A.D. -1458 A.D.) ordered the construction of a splendid Shafa Khana (Hospital) at Bidar for which several villages were endowed to meet its expenditure. Both Hindu-Muslim physicians were appointed to look after his hospital which catered for patients of all communities. In the Shafa Khana, besides the Unani, Ayurvedic system was also made use of for treatment by employing the vaidyas, and medicines and diet were provided free of cost to the patients.<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a8\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09a4 \u0995\u09be\u0987\u099c\u09be\u09b0-\u098f\u09b0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09ae\u09b9\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09a6 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a4\u09c1\u0998\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ed\u09e6\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u09a4\u09c8\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u099c \u09b6\u09be\u09b9\u09cd \u09a4\u09c1\u0998\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09e7\u09eb\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u098f \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u2014 \u201cIn certain specific areas it seems that surgery was relatively advanced at the Mughal court, though their <em>general anatomical knowledge <\/em>was inferior to Europe. Head wounds were routinely trepanned.\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn28\" name=\"_ftnref28\">[28]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09c1\u099c\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09c7\u0987, \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b0\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7, \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be <em>\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be<\/em>-\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be \u09a7\u09a8\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a3 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3\u09c1\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09c8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b2\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1, \u09ac\u09c3\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7, \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5, \u0985\u09a8\u09be\u09a5, \u09a6\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09b9\u09b2, \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae-\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09cd\u09af \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df, soul-\u098f\u09b0-\u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be \u09b9\u09a4 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b6\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b6\u09ac\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a6-\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7-\u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0982 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38532\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38532\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38532\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38532\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?fit=600%2C515&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,515\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?fit=300%2C258&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?fit=600%2C515&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38532\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?resize=400%2C343&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"343\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?resize=300%2C258&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@6.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38532\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">\u09ac\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e9\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8, \u09a1\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09eb\u09b6 \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099f\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u0987\u09b2\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09b9\u09b2, \u098f-\u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09ac\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b0\u09cb\u0997\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u201c\u0995\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09b8\u201d \u09aa\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u099a\u09b0\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09df\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09a4 \u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 (\u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09e7\u09e6\u09e6\u09e6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u099c\u0997\u09ce\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8) \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u201c\u0995\u09c7\u09b8 \u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09b8\u201d \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a5\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_38533\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-38533\" style=\"width: 400px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-attachment-id=\"38533\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38533\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?fit=779%2C806&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"779,806\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"jayantain@7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?fit=290%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?fit=779%2C806&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38533\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?resize=400%2C414&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"400\" height=\"414\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?resize=290%2C300&amp;ssl=1 290w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?resize=768%2C795&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?resize=640%2C662&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayantain@7.jpg?w=779&amp;ssl=1 779w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-38533\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Horstmanshoff, HFJ. Galen and His Patients. Ancient Medicine in Its Socio-Cultural Context. ed: Ph.J. vander Eijk, H.F.J Horstmanshoff and P.H. Schrijvers. vol. 1. 2005. pp. 83-100.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Risse, Guenter B. Mending Bodies, Saving Souls: A History of Hospital. 1999. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09eb\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u0986\u09df\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f-\u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e7\u09eb\u09e6 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be, \u09ac\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7 \u09e7\u09e6\u09e6 \u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 [\u201cthe author called Caraka cannot have lived later than about A.D. 150-200 and not much earlier than about 100 B.C.\u201d]\u0964 \u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09ac\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1\u0964 <em>A History of Indian Medical Literature.<\/em> \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09ef-\u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09e8 IA. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09e7\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09ea\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Risse. <em>Mending Bodies, Saving Souls.<\/em> \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09e6\u09ed\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 Xuanzang \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0993\u09b7\u09c1\u09a7-\u09b8\u09b9 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> <em>Si-Yu-Ki: Buddhist Records of the Western World (A.D. 629). <\/em>\u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6: \u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae\u09c1\u09df\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09ea, 2 volumes. volume 1, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> <em>The Great Tang Dynasty Record of the Western Regions<\/em>. tr. Li Rongxi. 1996. p. 97.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09c7\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09c1\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> \u0986\u09df\u09be\u09b0, \u0995\u09c7\u09ad\u09bf \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0964 \u201cThe Tirumukkudal Insription of Virarajendra\u201d. <em>Epigraphia Indica and Record of the Archaeological Survey of India<\/em>, vol. XXI. 1931-32. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e8\u09e6-\u09e8\u09eb\u09e6\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e8\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e8\u09e9\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> \u098f\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e8\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09e8\u09ea\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Sircar, DC. <em>Studies in the Religious Life of Ancient and Medieval India<\/em>. \u09e7\u09ef\u09ed\u09e7\u0964 \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09eb\u09ef\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e7\u09ec\u09e8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af: Speziale, Fabrizio. \u201cIntroduction\u201d, in <em>Hospitals in Iran and India, 1500-1950s.<\/em> ed. Fabrizio Speziale. 2012.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> Kane, PV. <em>History of Dharma<\/em><em>\u015b\u0101<\/em><em>stra<\/em>. 1941. vol. II, part II. p. 885.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Chandavarkar, Narayen. <em>The Heart of Hinduism. 1<\/em>912. p. 25.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> <em>Journal of Ganganath Jha Research Institute<\/em> 2 (1944-1945). pp. 305-320.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e9\u09e7\u09ed\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> <em>History of Science in South Asia<\/em>, 10 (2022): 1\u201343. \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ec\u0964 \u098f-\u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be-\u09df \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09ac\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4, \u09aa\u09c3\u0983 \u09e8\u09ec\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Reddy, DV Subba. Dar-us-Shifa (House of Cures) Built by Sultan Muhammad Quli in 1595 A. D.: (The First Unani Teaching Hospital in Deccan). <em>Journal of Indian Medical Heritage.<\/em> 1957. <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/jimh\/toc\/1957\/02020\">2 (2): 102-105<\/a>.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> Bolar, Varija. The Role of Islam in Karnataka. <em>International Journal of Social Sciences and Human Studies.<\/em> 2011. 3 (2): 489-498.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Quaiser, Neshat. Politics, Culture and Colonialism: Unani\u2019s Debate with Doctory. <em>Health, Medicine and Empire: Perspectives on Colonial India. <\/em>Biswamay Pati and Mark Harrison (ed.). 2006. pp. 317-335.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref28\" name=\"_ftn28\">[28]<\/a> Pearson, MN. The Thin End of the Wedge. Medical Relativities as a Paradigm of Early Modern Indian- European Relations. <em>Modern Asian Studies. <\/em>1995. 29(1): 141-170, p. 152.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38535\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe {\n\t\t\t    width: 100% !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t  <\/style>\n\t\t  ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u099c\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af &nbsp; <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38535\" title=\"\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u099a\u09c7\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u2014 \u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":38534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[2430],"tags":[568,2121,588],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/jayanta.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8MQkn-a1x","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":30098,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=30098","url_meta":{"origin":38535,"position":0},"title":"\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b6\u09aa\u09a5: \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995","date":"February 15, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b8\u09c1\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u00a0 \u00a0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995, \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u09b2 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09a8 (\u098f\u09a8\u098f\u09ae\u09b8\u09bf) \u098f\u09ae\u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u098f\u09b8 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09c1\u09af\u09bc\u09be \u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u0995\u09bf\u09ce\u09b8\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09aa\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995 \u0993\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \"\u099a\u09b0\u0995-\u09b6\u09aa\u09a5\" \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u099a\u09b0\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0993 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u099a\u09b0\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b0&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/sukanti.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":23389,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=23389","url_meta":{"origin":38535,"position":1},"title":"\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u099c\u09df: \u0995\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u0993 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09b2","date":"January 1, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09c0 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u00a0 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 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