{"id":38677,"date":"2025-03-26T23:13:49","date_gmt":"2025-03-26T17:43:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38677"},"modified":"2025-03-29T23:19:29","modified_gmt":"2025-03-29T17:49:29","slug":"%e0%a6%86%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%aa%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%ad%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%95","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38677","title":{"rendered":"\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u0985\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09af<\/strong> <strong>\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"38675\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=38675\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/amartya-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,420\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"amartya mukhopadhyay\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/amartya-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/amartya-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-38675 alignleft\" 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\u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a4, \u0986\u09b0 \u09b0\u09ac\u09c0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09be\u09a5 \u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u2018\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09ac\u09bf\u2019 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u2018\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09c3\u09a5\u09bf\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u0995\u09ac\u09bf\u2019 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987 \u09af\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09a8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u2018civilizational confinement\u2019 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df, <em>Identity and Violence<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u099c\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u0985\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09c1 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u0993 \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u098f\u0995 \u201c\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u201d \u098f\u09ac\u0982 <em>India Calling<\/em> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u2026 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u2026 \u201c\u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09c0\u09df \u0997\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf \u09b6\u09b9\u09c0\u09a6\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u201d \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u098f\u0995 \u201c\u0996\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u2026 \u201c\u09b8\u09ac\u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u09a2\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09a3\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u201d \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, Manchester Guardian-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u098f\u0995 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09df\u09c0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09a8\u2019\u09b8 \u0987\u09a8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0-\u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099f-\u09b2 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u2026 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09b2\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09c0 (\u201cpurdanaschins\u201d) \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995 \u09af\u09cb\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u2026 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 (\u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf, \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993, \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09be \u0997\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u09b7\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u099b-\u09b8\u09be\u09a4 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b6\u09c1\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7 \u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af), \u201c\u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u0997\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u09c1\u099c \u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7: \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cb \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c0\u09b2 \u09a7\u09cb\u0981\u09df\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u201d \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09a6\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a8\u09b0 \u0993 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c3\u09dd\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c0 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09ae\u09a8\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, \u0986\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0\u09cb \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09ac\u09df\u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c8\u09ac \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u099f\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be \u201c\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u201d \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7, \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09c7\u09b2\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a1\u09bf\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 (\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09b2\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0985\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ab\u09cb\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 Congregation \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a1\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf)\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0987\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09aa\u099f\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u0986\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u0985\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09a8\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u099c\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09a7\u09be \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09a6 \u09b8\u09bf-\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u09aa\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09ab\u09be\u09ce \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09a4\u09ab\u09be\u09ce \u098f\u0987\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09a6 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 <em>Passage to England<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018To the memory of the British Empire in India, which conferred subjecthood upon us, but withheld citizenship; to which yet every one of us threw out the challenge, &#8220;Civis Britannicus sum&#8221; because all that was good and living within us was made, shaped and quickened by the same British rule\u2019, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018Europeanist\u2019\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09af\u09be \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7 \u09a8\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09ae\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u0993 \u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u09b8\u09be\u0981\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09cd\u099c\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7, \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09cb\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09b8 (Enlightenment) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ab\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09ce\u09b8\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09ad\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 (episteme) \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u0987! \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09cb\u09a6\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09bf?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09b0\/\u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c-\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987, \u09ac\u09be \u2018\u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u2019 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u0993\u0987 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u0993 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09a8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u0989\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099a \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0995\u09a5\u09be\u2014 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 <\/strong><strong>\u0993 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be-\u09b0 <em>De la grammatologie<\/em> (<em>Of Grammatology<\/em>) \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09c0 \u09a6\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09cb\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 (\u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09c0\u099f\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2) \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09a4\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09a7\u09bf \u09aa\u09cc\u0981\u099b\u09df\u09a8\u09bf, \u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b2 \u09ab\u09c1\u0995\u09cb-\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u2018George Canguilhelm: Philosopher of Error\u2019, \u0986\u09b0 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u2018White Mythology: Metaphor in the Task of Philosophy\u2019 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0987\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ad\u09c2\u0987 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0964 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09cb\u0999\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 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\u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09dc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09bf\u0995, \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u2018male greats\u2019 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09b0\u09cb\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 (\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u099c \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09a8, \u098f\u09a1\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a6, \u09b9\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09be \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09b0)\u0964 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09c7\u09b2\u09be \u09a1\u09c7\u09ad\u09bf\u09b8, \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b0\u09bf\u099a, \u0985\u09a1\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a1 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b9\u09c1\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ae\u09b9\u09bf\u09b2\u09be \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09b9\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0982-\u09b8\u09b9\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u09b6 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u099a\u09b0\u09a3 \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099c\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u0997\u09cb\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u09a1 \u09b9\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ae \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 <em>Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience <\/em>(1994) \u09ac\u0987\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0-\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be (female agency)-\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u0995\u09ae\u0987 \u09ae\u09b9\u09bf\u09b2\u09be \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09a8\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09df, \u09ae\u09c7\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09b2\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09be-\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09ab\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u09a5\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995-\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09b7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c0\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0\u0993 (putative privileges of the normative-imperial male subject) \u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09ae\u09cb\u09b9\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u0995\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09c0 \u099c\u09df\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0997\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8 \u0986\u09a8\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09ac\u09c8\u09b7\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c2\u09b0\u09c0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7 (texts) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u0995\/\u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df, \u098f\u0995\u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u201cthird world woman\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u201cWestern feminist\u201d \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09ab\u09cb\u0995\u09b0\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995, \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09a6, \u09aa\u09bf\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09b6\u09be\u0996 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09ae\u09b2\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0997\u09a3\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u2018register\u2019 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 (agency)-\u0995\u09c7 \u09a2\u09be\u0995\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u099a\u09bf\u09b9\u09cd\u09a8\u09b2\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b9\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df\u09b0 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09b9\u09df\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f-\u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09bf, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09ae \u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b6-\u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09a4 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u09b0 \u099d\u09cb\u0981\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b6\u09cb\u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995, \u09a8\u09bf\u09ae\u09cd\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09a4\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u2018\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a6\u09c0\u2019 \u0997\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09a4\u09bf\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09c1\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3: (\u09e7) \u2018I translated this Bengali short story into English as much for the sake of its villain, Senanayak, as for its title character, Draupadi (or Dopdi). Because in Senanayak I find the closest approximation to the First World scholar in search of the Third World.\u2019 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u2018woman\u2019 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u0987, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 (\u09e8) \u2018My approach to the story has been influenced by &#8220;deconstructive practice.&#8221; I clearly share an unease that would declare avant-garde theories of interpretation too elitist to cope with revolutionary feminist material. How, then, has the practice of deconstruction been helpful in this context?\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a> \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u2018\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a6\u09c0\u2019 \u0997\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf, \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c0\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u098f\u09aa\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ae-\u098f\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09b9\u09be\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Draupadi pushes Senanayak with her two mangled breasts, and for the first time Senanayak is afraid to stand before an unarmed target, terribly afraid.<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u0995\u09a5\u09be<\/strong><strong>\u2014 <\/strong><strong>\u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3<\/strong><strong>, <\/strong><strong>\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c8\u09a4\u09aa\u09be\u09a0<\/strong> <strong>\u0993<\/strong> <strong>\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0<\/strong> <strong>\u09aa\u09be\u09a0 <\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u2018\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a6\u09c0\u2019 \u0997\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0998\u09a3\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be-\u09b0 <em>De la grammatologie<\/em> \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 (\u2018deconstruction\u2019) \u0993 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987\u09aa\u09be\u09a0-\u098f\u09b0 (\u2018double reading\u2019) \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u0996\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u0997\u09cd\u09a7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f-\u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987 Of Grammatology \u09ac\u0987\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u0987 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u099f\u09cb \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u099f\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 (\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a8\u09b0\/\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0, \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09be\/\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09cb, \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\/\u09a8\u09c0\u09b0\u09ac\u09a4\u09be, \u09ac\u09be\u099a\u09a8\/\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09a8), \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a> \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c8\u09a4\u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4, \u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09b0\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u0964 \u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 \u098f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u0997\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u2018difference\u2019 (diffrance)\u2019, \u2018supplementarity\u2019 and \u2018freeplay\u2019-\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a> \u0986\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0989\u09a0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u099f\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987\u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u098f\u0995\u0987\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u2018faithful and violent\u2019\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u0997 \u0986\u09b0 \u2018repetitive\u2019, text-\u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u099a\u09be\u09aa \u09b8\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df, \u2018second movement of the double reading is, generally speaking, the intervention of an outside or excluded term within the very constitution of wholeness.\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u201creading against the grain\u201d-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3 (\u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0986\u09a6\u09cc \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df) \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u2018colonial discourse analysis (CDA)\u2019, \u09af\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09cc\u09aa\u09a6\u09c0\u2019 \u099b\u09be\u09dc\u09be\u0993 \u2018The Rani of Sirmur\u2019 (1985), \u2018Three Women\u2019s Texts and a Critique of Imperialism\u2019 (1985), and \u2018Imperialism and Sexual Difference\u2019 (1986)\u2014 \u098f\u0987 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 (Thematic), \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09bf\u0995 (programmatic) \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 (methodological)\u2014 \u098f\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf-\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 (counter-discourse\u2019) \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b0\u09a3\u099c\u09bf\u09ce \u0997\u09c1\u09b9-\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 Subaltern Studies Group-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09ae\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 (heterogeneity) \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09be\u099b\u09cb\u09dc \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a> \u09b0\u09df \u09ac\u09df\u09c7\u09a8-\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 (otherness) \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u099a\u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0 \u09ab\u09be\u0981\u09a6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b8\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09c1\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a> \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u099b\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09aa\u09a5\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09c3\u099c\u0995 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 (\u2018otherness machine\u2019)\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df, \u2018\u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09df\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a4\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u099c\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0996\u09cb\u0981\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0993\u099c\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> \u098f\u0987 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u09a6\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a3\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09df\u09a8 (\u2018colonial discourse studies\u2019) \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 (\u2018transnational cultural studies\u2019) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 (\u2018a practitioner\u2019s progress\u2019) \u09aa\u09a5\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987 <em>The Critique of Postcolonial Reason<\/em> \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0, \u098f\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099b \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0995 \u2018text\u2019, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09be\u09b9-\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0997\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09c1\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ab\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09ae\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u2018\u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u099f \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ae\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 (foreclosed the Aboriginal), \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0986\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u09a7\u09be\u0981\u099a\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 (\u2018as a pattern of normative deviations\u2019) \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u0986\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 (\u2018difference\u2019) \u09ae\u09cb\u0995\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09b2\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u0982\u09b8\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018enabling violation\u2019 \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u2018enabling violence\u2019-\u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09c2\u099f\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u2018Can the Subaltern Speak?\u2019<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a>-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u099f\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09bf\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a4\u09cb\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018Can the third world write its own history?\u2019 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09ad\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09bf\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u0993 \u09ae\u09cc\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u09af\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09be\u09ab\u09b2\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u099e\u09cd\u099c \u099b\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0986\u09b0 \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09b8\u09c2\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09be\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09c3\u09b9\u09ce \u0986\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 (\u2018master-narratives\u2019) \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u09b8\u09be\u0987\u09a6\u09c0\u09df (Saidian) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 (Orientalist) \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09aa\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u099c\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u2018agency\u2019 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u2018history\u2019-\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09aa\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0986\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb\u09a7\u09cb\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 (\u2018mode-of-production\u2019) \u0986\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u098f\u0987 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b9\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09a5\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09be\u09ce\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09a7\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09ac \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u098f \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0-\u0994\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09a4\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u09a8\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b8\u09b2 \u0995\u09c7\u099f\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u0997\u099c\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09be \u0998\u09be\u09b8 \u0986\u0997\u09be\u099b\u09be, \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2 \u2018aftermath\u2019, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u2018after\u2014\u2019\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 (\u2018space\u2019) \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u09df \u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0987\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09a8\u09df, \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09a8\u09df, \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09cb\u09ae\u09bf \u09ad\u09be\u09ad\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af, \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0995\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf \u0993 \u09a6\u09b0\u09be\u09a6\u09b0\u09bf (\u2018an in-between, hybrid practice and negotiation\u2019)\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u2018catachresis\u2019 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u0995 \u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u099f\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7, (\u201creversing, displacing, and seizing the apparatus of value-coding\u201d) \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u0996\u09b2 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0987 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09b9\u09df \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u0987\u0982\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 \u09b6\u09be\u09dc\u09bf \u0986\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099c\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Sen, Amartya. Identity and Violence: The Illusion of Destiny. London: Penguin, 2007. 159-60.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> Gandhi, Leela. Postcolonial Theory: A Critical Introduction. Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1999. 26-7.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> Lewis, Reina and Mills, Sara. \u2018Introduction\u2019, \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 Feminist Postcolonial Theory: A Reader. eds. Lewis and Mills. New York: Routledge. 2003. 1-2.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. \u2018Under Western Eyes: Feminist Scholarship and Colonial Discourses\u2019 (1988). \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism. eds. Mohanty, Ann Russo, and Lourdes Torres. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. 1991. 52; \u098f\u09ac\u0982 Mohanty, Chandra Talpade. \u2018\u201cUnder Western Eyes\u201d Revisited: Feminist Solidarity through Anticapitalist Struggles\u2019. Signs 28:2 (Winter 2003). 499-535. esp. 501, 515.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> Spivak, Gayatri Chakaravorty. \u2018Can the Subaltern Speak\u2019, \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 Nelson, C. and Grossberg, L. (eds.) Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education. 1988. 271-313.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Visweswaran, Kamala. \u2018Small Speeches, Subaltern Gender: Nationalist Ideology and Historiography\u2019. \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 Amin, Shahid and Chakrabarty, Dipesh (eds.) Subaltern Studies IX: Writings on South Asian History. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. 1996. 83-125. \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 124.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> Riach, Graham. An Analysis of Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak&#8217;s Can the Subaltern Speak? London: Routledge. 2017. 11.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Spivak. <a href=\"https:\/\/warwick.ac.uk\/fac\/arts\/english\/currentstudents\/postgraduate\/masters\/modules\/femlit\/gayatri_spivak_-_draupadi_by_mahasveta_devi.pdf\">&#8220;Draupadi&#8221; by Mahasveta Devi: Translated with a Foreword by Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak. Critical Inquiry 8:2, Writing and Sexual Difference.<\/a> Winter, 1981. 381-402. \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 381-82.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u09a4\u09a6\u09c7\u09ac, 402.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> McQuillan, Martin. Introduction: Five Strategies of Deconstruction, in <em>Deconstruction: A Reader<\/em>. ed. McQuillan, Martin. New York: Routledge. 2001. 6, 8.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Derrida, Jacques. <em>Of Grammatology<\/em><em>.<\/em> 40th anniversary. ed. (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974\/2016), 181.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Derrida, Jacques. The Age of Hegel. \u0985\u09a8\u09c1. Winnett, Susan. \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 <em>Demarcating the\u00a0 Disciplines<\/em><em>.<\/em> ed. Weber, Samuel. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. 1987. 21; Derrida, Jacques. Positions. University of Chicago Press. 1982. 41. \u0989\u09ad\u09df\u0987 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, Nealon, Jeffrey Thomas. <em>Double Reading: Postmodernism after Deconstruction<\/em><em>.<\/em> Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 1993. 17\u201318. 33.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Moore-Gilbert, Bart. <em>Postcolonial Theory: Contexts, Practices, Politics.<\/em> London: Verso. 1997. 75-77.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. Subaltern Studies: Deconstructing Historiography. (1985). \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 <em>The Spivak Reader<\/em>. eds. Landry, Donna and MacLean, Gerald. New York and London: Routledge. 1996. 221.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Boyne, Roy. <em>Foucault and Derrida: The Other Side of Reason<\/em><em>.<\/em> Unwin Hyman. 1990. cited in Spivak, Gayatri Chakravorty. More on Power\/Knowledge. 1992. in Spivak Reader. 160.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> \u0985\u09aa\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09aa\u09c1\u0999\u09cd\u0996 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8\u2014 Moore-Gilbert, Bart. <em>Postcolonial Theory<\/em><em>.<\/em> 84, 101, 103, 104, 109 and 117.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Spivak, Gayatri Chakaravorty. <em>A Critique of Postcolonial Reason: Toward a Vanishing History of the Present<\/em><em>.<\/em> Cambridge and London: Harvard University Press. 1999. 1.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> \u09a4\u09a6\u09c7\u09ac, ix-x.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> Spivak. Bonding in Difference: Interview with Alfred Arteaga. in Spivak Reader. 15-128, esp. 19.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> Spivak. Can the Subaltern Speak? \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 <em>Marxism and Interpretations of Culture<\/em><em>.<\/em> eds. Nelson, Carry and Grossberg, L. Basingstoke: Macmillan Education. 1988. 271-313.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Prakash, Gyan. Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography. <em>Social Text<\/em><em>.<\/em> 31\/32(1992):8-19.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38677\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t\t.fb_iframe_widget_fluid_desktop iframe {\n\t\t\t    width: 100% !important;\n\t\t\t}\n\t\t  <\/style>\n\t\t  ","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"mh-excerpt\"><p>\u0985\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df &nbsp; <a class=\"mh-excerpt-more\" href=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=38677\" title=\"\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 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