{"id":39659,"date":"2025-07-24T17:48:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T12:18:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=39659"},"modified":"2025-08-14T10:49:36","modified_gmt":"2025-08-14T05:19:36","slug":"%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%95%e0%a6%b8-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%b0-%e0%a6%9a%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a8%e0%a7%8d%e0%a6%a4%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%ae-%e0%a6%ae%e0%a6%be%e0%a6%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=39659","title":{"rendered":"\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6: \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09aa\u09a8"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><strong>\u0985\u09b6\u09cb\u0995 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<pre><img data-attachment-id=\"36546\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=36546\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"300,420\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashoke mukhopadhyay\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?fit=300%2C420&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-image-36546 alignleft\" src=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?resize=150%2C210&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"210\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?resize=214%2C300&amp;ssl=1 214w, https:\/\/i1.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/ashoke-mukhopadhyay.jpg?w=300&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/>\n<span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><em><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u0995, \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a7\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09dc\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995-\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09a0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u2014 \u098f\u0987\u09b8\u09ac \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09bf\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cc\u09dc\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09a6\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u099a\u09be\u09a8?<\/span><\/strong><\/em><\/span><\/pre>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p class=\"has-drop-cap\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7, \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u0989\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09aa\u09dc\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u0995\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c1, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09ae\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09b2\u0964 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8; \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u2018\u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u2019\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 <em>Capitalism Nature Socialism<\/em> \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09e7\u09eb\u09b6 \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7, \u09ea\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u0982\u09b2\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09ae\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u09ae\u09b2\u09df \u09a4\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u099f\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0987 \u0985-\u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u0985\u099e\u09cd\u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u0989\u09a0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a6\u09b6\u09ae \u09b6\u09a4\u0995\u09c7, \u0987\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09bf \u0987\u09b8\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09df \u0997\u09cb\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09c1 \u0987\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09c1\u09ac \u0986\u09b2-\u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u0988\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0-\u0989\u09aa\u09b2\u09ac\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u2018\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u2019 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u2018\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0\u0993 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u2019\u2014 \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4, \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u0986\u099f\u09b6\u09cb \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u201c\u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf-\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09bf\u201d-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a4, \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09bf\u09ae \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9 \u09b9\u09df, \u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 <em>negation of negation<\/em> \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be; \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 <em>negation and negation<\/em>\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u099a \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09b2, \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u099a \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u2014 \u098f\u0987\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0987 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09af\u09c7-\u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09b7\u0987 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8, \u098f\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u0993, \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09aa\u099f\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u09ac\u09b9\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0987\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982, \u098f\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a8\u09c8\u09df\u09be\u09df\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8\u2014 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09be\u09b2\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09c1\u0995\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df; \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u0995\u09c1\u0995\u09c1\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df \u09a4\u09be-\u0987 \u09a8\u09df, \u09ac\u09be\u0998\u0993 \u09a8\u09df\u2014 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4, \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u09a4\u09a5\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df <em>\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8<\/em> (\u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0995 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 <em>negation of negation<\/em>-\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0997\u09a4\u09bf\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c2\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0993 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u2014 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09af\u09a4\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u2014 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a8\u09df; \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09b0 \u0993 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u0993\u09aa\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c0\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09a8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df, \u09b8\u09bf\u099c\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u2018\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u2019-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u2018\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u2019 \u09ac\u09be \u2018\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u2019 \u09af\u09c7\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09dc\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c1, \u09a6\u09b6\u09ae \u09b6\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09a6\u09c1\u0987.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0, \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u2014 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u09a7\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u09a4\u0983\u09aa\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0997\u09bf\u09a6 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ad\u09ac \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0987\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0982 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ec\u09e6\u2013\u09ed\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf, \u098f\u0995\u09a6\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df\u09b6\u0987 \u09af\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 (Young Marx) \u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 (Late Marx)-\u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09c1\u09ac\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09be\u09df \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09a8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09c1\u099f\u09bf\u09b2 \u0986\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09c8\u09ae\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8\u09c7, \u09a6\u09b2\u09c0\u09df \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u0986\u09ac\u09b9\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09ae\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09b9\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ab\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u099c-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u099c\u0995\u09be\u09b2, \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a4 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a4\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u0997\u09ae \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09a4\u0964 \u09e7\u09ef\u09ef\u09e6-\u098f\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 <em>\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf<\/em> (Marx\u2013Engels <em>Gesamtausgabe<\/em>, \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09aa\u09c7 MEGA) \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u098f\u0995\u09a6\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u098f\u09a4\u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cb\u09ad\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u09a4 \u0987\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09a8, \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad, \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09ae\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c-\u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09b2\u0999\u09cd\u0998\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u09c7\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf \u09af\u09a4 \u0989\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09cb\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u09a4\u0987 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0985\u09ae\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b9\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a7\u09b0\u09c1\u09a8, \u098f\u09b6\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u0964 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u2014 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c, \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09a7\u09a8\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0, \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u09a0\u09bf\u0995, \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09ae \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09df\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09aa\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09c1\u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u0996\u09be\u099f\u09c7\u0964 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u098f\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u0986\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09a8\u09df\u2014 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a4\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a8\u09bf\u099c \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u0996\u09cb\u0981\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09a8\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u0985-\u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0\u09c7\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u098f\u09b6\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09b2\u09bf, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u0989\u09a0\u09ac\u09c7\u0987\u2014 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u0993 \u0995\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a8 \u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u099b\u09bf\u09b2? \u0986\u09b0\u09ac\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf \u0986\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09df\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09bf \u09a4\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u099b\u09bf\u09b2? \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be \u09af\u09c7, \u098f \u09a4\u09cb \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985-\u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09bf \u098f\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u0993 \u098f\u0997\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09b2\u09be\u09ae? \u09b2\u09be\u09ad\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09c0 \u09b9\u09b2?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09cb\u09a3 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09df \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u2014 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u0997\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099a\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09be, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8-\u099a\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09b9\u099c \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a8\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u0985\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u0993 \u098f\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u09a8\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0, \u098f\u0987 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a6\u09be\u09b8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be, \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a7\u09a8\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987, \u098f\u09b6\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4 \u0986\u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u099f\u09bf \u0995\u09c0 \u09a4\u09be\u0993 \u09b6\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09c1\u0983\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df \u098f-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0986\u09b0, \u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09c7\u0997\u09be-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e \u09aa\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09bf\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u0993 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09aa\u09be\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae \u09b9\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb, \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u099f\u09be \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a8\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be, \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9, \u098f\u0987 \u09a8\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0993\u09b8\u09ac \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad, \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 &#8220;\u09ad\u09c1\u09df\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6&#8221;\u0964 \u201c\u0986\u09b8\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u201d \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09b0\u09c8\u0996\u09bf\u0995 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09aa\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985-\u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09b8\u09ae\u09c2\u09b9\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09b0\u09c8\u0996\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995-\u09b8\u09be\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a1\u09c1\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09cb\u099f\u09c7, \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u0987\u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09a5\u09be (\u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09b9\u09df \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09df\u09c7) \u09b2\u09c1\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c1\u0995\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0997\u09cb\u09aa\u09a8 \u09a8\u09cb\u099f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09bf: <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u201c\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0986\u0987\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09a8\u09df; \u098f\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c0\u09df \u09a7\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0997\u09dc\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc \u0989\u09ce\u09b8 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b9\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u0964\u201d<a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u2014 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u098f\u0987 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09df\u09a3 \u0993 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09dc\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 (\u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09dc\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2) \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u0995\u09c0\u09df \u09ad\u09c2\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a4\u09bf\u0997\u09cb\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09c0\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u099d\u0997\u09dc\u09be\u099d\u09be\u0981\u099f\u09bf \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09dc\u09be\u09b2\u09dc\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u0986\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09dc\u09c7 \u0989\u09a0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09aa\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09b8\u09ac \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u09b6\u09be\u09b8\u09a8\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ae\u09a4\u09be \u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u09ad\u09be\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0987 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09a4\u0964 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u099a\u09a8\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014\u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09c0\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ae \u0986\u09b6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a3\u09c0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u09b6\u09a4\u09aa\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09a8\u09c0 \u09b9\u0993\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u098f\u099f\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09ac\u09c1\u0995 \u09ab\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u09a8\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u2014 \u09a8\u09cb\u099f \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09ae\u09a8\u09cb\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09af\u09a5\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af-\u09ae\u09bf\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a4\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u099c\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ac\u0987 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1, \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0987\u09b8\u09ac \u09a8\u09cb\u099f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf\u0993 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u2014 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b0 \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7\u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u0997\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09a4\u09bf\u09a8.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09ae\u09c7\u0997\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c2\u09a4 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u0994\u09ce\u09b8\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u099c\u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09dc\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0998\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7: \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09b8\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u0964 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09af\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0, \u09b8\u09ac\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4 \u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09a8, \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u0987 \u0986\u099b\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ac\u0987 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09ac\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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Germany, 1845 (Photo by Mondadori PortfolioMondadori via Getty Images)&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;-2840198822&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Archivio Mondadori&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Friedrich Engels&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Friedrich Engels\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?fit=300%2C229&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?fit=1024%2C780&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39651 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?resize=640%2C488&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"488\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?resize=640%2C488&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?resize=300%2C229&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?resize=768%2C585&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?resize=80%2C60&amp;ssl=1 80w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@2.jpg?w=1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201c\u2026\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 &#8216;\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0&#8217; \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u099c\u09a8\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 [\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u09cb\u09a6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u2014 \u0985-\u09ae\u09c1] \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09be\u099b\u09bf \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u09af\u09c7 &#8216;\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09be&#8217;, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09b0\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7, \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7, \u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09a4 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09df\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09b2\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09c0 \u0985\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c1\u09a4 \u0995\u09a5\u09be!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0995\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995 \u0997\u09c1\u099a\u09cd\u099b \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u0993 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09a8\u09be!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a4, \u09a4\u09ce\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09b8\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u099a\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0997\u09c7\u2014 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u2014 \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">It goes without saying that neither the author of <em>Capital<\/em> nor his famous friend and colleague lost sight of the economic peculiarities of any particular country; only in those peculiarities do they seek the explanation of all a country\u2019s social, political and intellectual movements. That they do not ignore the significance of our village commune is revealed by the fact that as recently as January 1882 they did not consider it possible to make any decisive forecast concerning its destiny. In the preface to our translation of the <em>Manifesto of the Communist Party<\/em> (Geneva, 1882), they even say explicitly that under certain conditions the Russian village commune may \u201cpass directly to the higher form of communist common ownership.\u201d These circumstances are, in their opinion, closely connected with the course of the revolutionary movement in the West of Europe and in Russia. \u201cIf the Russian revolution,\u201d they say, \u201cbecomes the signal for a proletarian revolution in the West, so that both complement each other, the present Russian common ownership of land may serve as the starting-point for a communist development.<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0993 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 <em>\u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb-<\/em>\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cc\u09a5 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09be \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8<a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a>, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb\u09b7 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39652\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39652\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?fit=934%2C679&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"934,679\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1678556481&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokin@3\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?fit=300%2C218&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?fit=934%2C679&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39652 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?resize=640%2C465&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"465\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?resize=640%2C465&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?resize=300%2C218&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?resize=768%2C558&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@3.jpg?w=934&amp;ssl=1 934w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u099c, \u098f\u0987 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u09af\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7, \u098f \u09ac\u09dc \u0995\u09ae \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09df!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u099a\u09be\u09b0.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u099a\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u09b2\u2014 Thoughts on Marx, Marxism, and Culture\u2014 <em>Marx Forum<\/em> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0987\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf \u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c7\u09b2 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u098f\u099f\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09be\u0999\u09cd\u0997 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09c1\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u09a4 \u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u0993 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09be \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09c0\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0996 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a7\u09c1\u09df\u09c7-\u09ae\u09c1\u099b\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 <em>Theories of Surplus Value<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Humanity itself is the basis of material production, as of any other production that it carries on. All circumstances, therefore, which affect man, the subject of production, more or less modify all his functions and activities, and therefore too his functions and activities as the creator of material wealth, of commodities. In this respect it can in fact be shown that all human relations and functions, however and in whatever form they may appear, influence material production and have a more or less decisive influence on it.<a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u09ad\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09cb\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09a3\u09c0 \u09ae\u09a1\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09aa \u0996\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f-\u0993 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8 \u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09eb\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 <em>Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a4\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ab\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993\u0987 \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf, \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf \u09af\u09c7 \u0993\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a4\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09ed \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 <em>\u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09df<a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a>, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u2014 \u09af\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf, \u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u0987\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09be\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[8]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f \u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09df \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0996\u09c1\u09b6\u09bf \u099a\u09c7\u09aa\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09b8\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a4 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09bf \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u2014 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u2014 \u0998\u09be\u09dc\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0997\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cNevertheless, the formulation was codified as a central principle in Engels\u2019 late writings (after Marx\u2019s death) and was promoted as part of a photocopy theory of knowledge by Plekhanov, Kautsky, the early Lenin, and many others who claimed to follow in their footsteps.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09ad\u09cd\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09ae\u09bf\u09b0 \u0987\u09b2\u09bf\u099a \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8-\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995\u099f\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09dc \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09bf \u0986\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be\u0993 \u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u201cIn his \u2018Abstract of Hegel\u2019s Science of Logic\u2019 of 1914 Lenin broke from this vulgar materialist approach, which he had advanced six years earlier in <em>Materialism and Empirio-Criticism<\/em>, writing \u2018Man\u2019s consciousness not only reflects the objective world, but creates it.\u2019\u201d \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1\u0983\u0996, \u201cLenin of course never published his philosophic notebooks, and the base-superstructure relation was largely interpreted in a casual-determinist manner, by orthodox Marxists, with the economic base posited as the independent variable and the superstructure as the dependent one.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u0996\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09ae\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u09c1\u09b6 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u0997\u09be\u09ae\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 <em>Materialism and Empirio-Criticism<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u201c\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u201d \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u2014 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09a2\u09c1\u0995\u099b\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u0993 \u0985\u09ac\u09a6\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn9\" name=\"_ftnref9\">[9]<\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39653\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39653\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?fit=872%2C581&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"872,581\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokin@4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?fit=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?fit=872%2C581&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39653 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?resize=640%2C426&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"426\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?resize=640%2C426&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@4.jpg?w=872&amp;ssl=1 872w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4 \u0993 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u0987:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">My inquiry led me to the conclusion that neither legal relations nor political forms could be comprehended whether by themselves or on the basis of a so-called general development of the human mind, but that on the contrary they originate in the material conditions of life,&#8230; The general conclusion at which I arrived and which, once reached, became the guiding principle of my studies can be summarised as follows. In the social production of their existence, men inevitably enter into definite relations, which are independent of their will, namely relations of production appropriate to a given stage in the development of their material forces of production. <strong>The totality of these relations of production constitutes the economic structure of society, the real foundation, on which arises a legal and political superstructure and to which correspond definite forms of social consciousness<\/strong>. The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness.<a href=\"#_ftn10\" name=\"_ftnref10\">[10]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0995\u09bf \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09ac\u09a6\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09ac\u09b0\u0982 \u098f\u09b0 \u0986\u099f \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 <em>\u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7 (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09ed) \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u099f\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8 \u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09a7\u09a8\u09a4\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af, \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09af\u09c1\u0997 \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u099a\u09c0\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">In the estimation of that paper, my view that <strong>each special mode of production and the social relations corresponding to it, in short, that the economic structure of society, is the real basis on which the juridical and political superstructure is raised, and to which definite social forms of thought correspond; that the mode of production determines the character of the social, political, and intellectual life generally,<\/strong> all this is very true for our own times, in which material interests preponderate, but not for the middle ages, in which Catholicism, nor for Athens and Rome, where politics, reigned supreme. In the first place it strikes one as an odd thing for anyone to suppose that these well-worn phrases about the middle ages and the ancient world are unknown to anyone else. This much, however, is clear, that the middle ages could not live on Catholicism, nor the ancient world on politics. On the contrary, it is the mode in which they gained a livelihood that explains why here politics, and there Catholicism, played the chief part. For the rest, it requires but a slight acquaintance with the history of the Roman republic, for example, to be aware that its secret history is the history of its landed property. On the other hand, Don Quixote long ago paid the penalty for wrongly imagining that knight errantry was compatible with all economic forms of society.<a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[11]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u09aa\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a0\u09be \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">This juridical relation, which thus expresses itself in a contract, whether such contract be part of a developed legal system or not, is a relation between two wills, and is but <strong>the reflex of the real economic relation between the two. It is this economic relation that determines the subject-matter comprised in each such juridical act<\/strong>.<a href=\"#_ftn12\" name=\"_ftnref12\">[12]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09df \u098f\u0987 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09e7\u09ee\u09ed\u09e9 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0985\u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39654\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39654\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?fit=1080%2C733&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,733\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokin@5\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?fit=300%2C204&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?fit=1024%2C695&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39654 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?resize=640%2C434&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"434\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?resize=640%2C434&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?resize=300%2C204&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?resize=1024%2C695&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?resize=768%2C521&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@5.jpg?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ab\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u200c\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09b8\u09be\u099c\u09bf \u09ac\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u2014 \u098f\u0987\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0989\u09aa\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a6\u09c1\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09cc\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be, \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09be\u0999\u09be\u09b2\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c0\u09aa \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09c0 \u0985\u09ac\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09a5 \u0996\u09cb\u09b2\u09be \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 <em>\u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0 (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09ea \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7), \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09c7, \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u099f\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u099a\u09be\u0987\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u0996\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09bf\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u0987 \u09ad\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09b9\u09b2, \u099a\u09c7\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09bf, \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09c1-\u0986\u09a7\u099f\u09c1 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be \u09b6\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u0987\u09a8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u09a8\u09c7\u099f\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a3\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf <em>\u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u09b8\u09cc\u09ad\u09be\u0997\u09cd\u09af, \u0997\u09c1\u0997\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09be\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u099f \u09b9\u09be\u09a4\u09dc\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09c7\u09df\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09be\u09ae\u0964 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u0997\u09c7\u09b2, \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ec\u09ed) \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7 \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u200c\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u09b0\u09be \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09ad\u09c7\u099c\u09be\u09b2 \u0986\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Diess Rechtsverh\u00e4ltniss, dessen Form der Vertrag ist, ob nun legal entwickelt oder nicht, ist nur das Willensverh\u00e4ltniss, worin sich das \u00f6konomische Verh\u00e4ltniss wiederspiegelt. Der Inhalt dieses Rechts- oder Willensverh\u00e4ltnisses ist durch das \u00f6konomische Verh\u00e4ltniss selbst gegeben.<a href=\"#_ftn13\" name=\"_ftnref13\">[13]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8 \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09af\u09a4\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982 \u0995\u09ae\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09b0\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u0997\u09a3\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09df\u0987 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09a8, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7, \u098f\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0993 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09af\u09cb\u0997 \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09c7\u09b0\u0993 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09df\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09c7-\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u0983\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be \u0986\u09a6\u09cc \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09bf\u0987 \u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09a4, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0996 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09eb-\u09ea\u09ec \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 <em>\u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6<\/em> \u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be\u2014 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">This conception of history thus relies on expounding the real process of production \u2014 starting from the material production of life itself \u2014 and comprehending the form of intercourse connected with and created by this mode of production, i.e., civil society in its various stages, as the basis of all history; describing it in its action as the state, and also explaining how all the different theoretical products and forms of consciousness, religion, philosophy, morality, etc., etc., arise from it, and tracing the process of their formation from that basis; thus the whole thing can, of course, be depicted in its totality (and therefore, too, the reciprocal action of these various sides on one another). It has not, like the idealist view of history, to look for a category in every period, but remains constantly on the real ground of history; it does not explain practice from the idea but explains the formation of ideas from material practice.<a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[14]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">&#8230; \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas: i.e., the class which is the ruling material force of society is at the same time its ruling intellectual force. The class which has the means of material production at its disposal, consequently also controls the means of mental production, so that the ideas of those who lack the means of mental production are on the whole subject to it. The ruling ideas are nothing more than the ideal expression of the dominant material relations, the dominant material relations grasped as ideas;&#8230;<a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a6\u09cb\u09b7 \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09a8\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09b0\u09be\u09b8\u09b0\u09bf \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u0964 \u0985\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b9\u09cd\u09af \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u09b9\u09df \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09e7\u09ee\u09ea\u09ee \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 <em>\u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb<\/em>-\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Does it require deep intuition to comprehend that man\u2019s ideas, views and conceptions \u2013 in one word, man\u2019s consciousness \u2013 changes with every change in the conditions of his material existence, in his social relations and in his social life? What does the history of ideas prove than that intellectual production changes its character as material production is changed? The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.<a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39655\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39655\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?fit=1098%2C732&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1098,732\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokin@6\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?fit=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?fit=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39655 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?resize=640%2C427&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?resize=640%2C427&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?resize=1024%2C683&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?resize=768%2C512&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@6.jpg?w=1098&amp;ssl=1 1098w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u0995\u09a0\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u0964 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e8 \u09b8\u09be\u09b2 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 <em>\u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09ab\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09cb<\/em>-\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0993 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09cc\u09a5 \u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09b2\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u0993 \u09b8\u09c0\u09ae\u09be\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09c0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u098f\u0995\u09be \u098f\u0987 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u099a\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09bf\u09b6 \u09ac\u099b\u09b0 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09df\u09be\u0995\u09bf\u09ac\u09b9\u09be\u09b2 \u0993 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0993\u0987 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u2018\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be\u09a8-\u09b8\u09a6\u09c3\u09b6\u2019 (codified) \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8, \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09b9\u09a4\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u099c\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09aa\u09dc\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a4\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0\u09c2\u09aa, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09c7\u09df\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7, \u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e9 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09eb \u09b8\u09be\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u0995\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u0989\u09aa\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b0\u09c7\u09ab\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09b8 \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09a4\u09be\u09ae\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ac\u09b0\u0982, \u09a4\u09c3\u09a4\u09c0\u09df\u09a4, \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be \u09b9\u09b2\u2014 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09b8\u09ae\u09df (\u09e7\u09ee\u09ee\u09e6-\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b6\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c3\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c1\u09b0 \u0986\u0997\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4), \u09af\u0996\u09a8 \u0987\u0989\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u0982\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09a8\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u0996\u09a8 \u098f\u0987 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u0987 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u0981\u099a\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09dc \u09ac\u09dc \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[17]<\/a> \u098f\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u099c\u09cb\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab \u09ac\u09cd\u09b2\u0995-\u0995\u09c7 \u09e8\u09e7-\u09e8\u09e8 \u09b8\u09c7\u09aa\u09cd\u099f\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09e6 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0996\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u09b0 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u09af\u09be\u0995:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">According to the materialist conception of history, the ultimately determining factor in history is the production and reproduction of real life. Neither Marx nor I have ever asserted more than this. Hence if somebody twists this into saying that the economic factor is the only determining one, he transforms that proposition into a meaningless, abstract, absurd phrase. The economic situation is the basis, but the various elements of the superstructure\u2014political forms of the class struggle and its results, such as constitutions established by the victorious class after a successful battle, etc., juridical forms, and especially the reflections of all these real struggles in the brains of the participants, political, legal, philosophical theories, religious views and their further development into systems of dogmas\u2014also exercise their influence upon the course of the historical struggles and in many cases determine their form in particular. There is an interaction of all these elements in which, amid all the endless host of accidents (that is, of things and events whose inner interconnection is so remote or so impossible of proof that we can regard it as non-existent and neglect it), the economic movement is finally bound to assert itself. Otherwise the application of the theory to any period of history would be easier than the solution of a simple equation of the first degree.<a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[18]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u099f\u09cb\u0995\u09aa\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf? \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a0\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09c7\u0993 \u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u0987 \u09b8\u0995\u09b2\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u099a\u09a4\u09c1\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a4, \u099c\u09cb\u09b8\u09c7\u09ab \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4 \u09ac\u09a6\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0987 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c1\u0995 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf <em>Marxism and Problems of Linguistics<\/em> \u09aa\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4 \u0993 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u098f\u0995\u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7, \u098f\u0995\u09c8\u0995\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 (one-to-one correspondence), \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u099b\u09bf\u09b2:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Further, the superstructure is a product of the base, but this by no means implies that it merely reflects the base, that it is passive, neutral, indifferent to the fate of its base, to the fate of the classes, to the character of the system. On the contrary, having come into being, it becomes an exceedingly active force, actively assisting its base to take shape and consolidate itself, and doing its utmost to help the new system to finish off and eliminate the old base and the old classes.<a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[19]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39656\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39656\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?fit=1600%2C800&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1600,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokin@7\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?fit=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?fit=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39656 size-shareaholic-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=640%2C320&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"640\" height=\"320\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=640%2C320&amp;ssl=1 640w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=300%2C150&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=1024%2C512&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=768%2C384&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?resize=1536%2C768&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i2.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokin@7.jpg?w=1600&amp;ssl=1 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a4\u09be\u09b9\u09b2\u09c7, \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u2014 \u201cThe notion that the \u2018superstructure\u2019\u2014 politics, civil society, juridical relations, culture, religion, etc.\u2014 is <strong>a mere reflection of the economic base<\/strong> became a virtual article of faith among innumerable post-Marx Marxists\u201d\u2014 \u098f\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09a4 \u099c\u09ae\u09bf \u0996\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09bf? \u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0987 \u09ad\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u2014 \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u0985\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a4\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u0995 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u099d\u09cb\u0981\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b6\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09c0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u0964 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a8\u09c7, \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7 \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af \u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u0987 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b8\u09c1\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u0982, \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09c0\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad, \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8, \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae\u09c1\u0996 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09a8\u09c7\u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u09a4\u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 &#8220;photocopy theory of knowledge&#8221; \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09b9\u09cb\u0995\u0964 \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09be \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u2018\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ab\u09b2\u09a8\u2019 (reflection) \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6\u099f\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u2014 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7, \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u2014 \u09b8\u09c7\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a4\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09b6\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1 \u0995\u09b0\u09be \u0989\u099a\u09bf\u09a4\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 <em>\u09aa\u09c1\u0981\u099c\u09bf<\/em> \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u099c\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u0982\u09b8\u09cd\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09be\u09a6\u09cd\u09ad\u09c2\u09ae\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09df (Nachwort zur zweiten Auflage) \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u09b9\u09c7\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ac\u09c8\u09b6\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b9\u09bf\u09b0\u09cd\u099c\u0997\u09a4\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ab\u09b2\u09a8 (Widerspiegelung der Au\u00dfenwelt im Gehirn) \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u09ac\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u098f\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09af\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0986\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a8\u09be\u2014 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0996\u09c1\u09ac \u0986\u09b6\u09cd\u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09b2\u0995\u09cd\u09b7 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf, \u098f\u0987 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09b6\u09bf \u09aa\u099b\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0985\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u0982\u09b6 \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c7\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7 \u0985\u09b8\u09c1\u09ac\u09bf\u09a7\u09be \u09b9\u09df \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09be, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u098f\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09c1\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u099a\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u09c1\u09ac\u09b9\u09c1 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u0985\u09a5\u099a \u09af\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be-\u09aa\u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6, \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u099f\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u09ac\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09bf \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u099b\u09df.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09ae\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u0996\u09c7\u09df\u09be\u09b2 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09be \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09bf \u09a8\u09be, \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u0993 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u099c\u09be\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09df \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09a4 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf \u09a8\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u099c\u09a8 \u09b9\u09df \u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09be\u09b0 \u098f\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09c1\u09b2, \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09c1\u0995\u09c1 \u0986\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09bf \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b2 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09df, \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09c1-\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u099f\u09c7 \u099b\u09cb\u099f\u0996\u09be\u099f\u09cb \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u099a\u09cb\u0996\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2\u09c7\u0993, \u09a4\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be \u0998\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u09ac\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7\u0993 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u099f\u09be \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u0987 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09af\u09be\u099c\u0995 \u09ae\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b2\u09a5\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09b8\u0982\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u09af\u09a5\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u09ac\u099f\u09c7, \u0995\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u0995\u09c7 \u09a1\u09be\u09b0\u0989\u0987\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09df\u09cb\u0997 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09ae\u0995 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be \u09a4\u09a5\u09cd\u09af\u0997\u09a4\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09cb\u09aa\u09c1\u09b0\u09bf \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u0964 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09c1\u09b6\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09bf\u2014 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u0993 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ab\u09b2\u09c7\u0987\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0995\u0987\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7, \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 <em>Theories of Surplus Value<\/em> \u09ac\u0987\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u0989\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u0987 \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b9\u09b2\u09c7\u0993 \u09ad\u09c1\u09b2\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3\u09be, \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf \u09af\u09a6\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09df \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a4, \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u098f\u0987 \u0985\u0982\u09b6\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u0982\u09b6\u09cb\u09a7\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ad\u09bf\u09a4-\u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u099e\u09cd\u099c\u09b8\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u099f\u09bf \u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09a3, \u098f\u0987 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u09a4\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u0964 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09ac-\u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09c0\u09b0\u09cd\u0998 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df\u099c\u09c1\u09dc\u09c7 \u0998\u099f\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09ac\u09dc \u09ac\u09dc \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b8\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09a3 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0987 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u09c7 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09cd\u09b0, \u09a7\u09b0\u09cd\u09ae, \u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c0\u09a4\u09bf, \u09af\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7, \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09ac\u2014 \u0987\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0990\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be\u09ac\u09b2\u09bf \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09cb\u09a7\u0997\u09ae\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0997\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u0993\u09a0\u09c7\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa, \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af, \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c0\u09a4 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ad\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09cb\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09df\u0964 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u09ae\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u09b8\u09ac\u0987 \u0985\u0986\u0995\u0996\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af\u0987 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09ac, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u099a\u09c7\u0995 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09b2 \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995-\u098f\u09b0 \u09af\u09c7 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8,<a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a> \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0\u0987 \u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u09ab\u09c7\u09b0\u0964 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09be \u09ad\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09a5\u09bf\u09b8\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09c7\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u09a4 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b0\u09be\u0996\u09bf\u0964 \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09ad \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b2\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0993\u09b2\u09be\u09b0 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3\u09c7 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b0\u09a3\u099f\u09bf \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09a6\u09bf\u0993 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09a4 \u09b9\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964<a href=\"#_ftn21\" name=\"_ftnref21\">[21]<\/a> \u09a4\u09be\u09b0\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">&#8230;the economic structure will continue to maintain its primacy as the fundamental basis of social relations.<a href=\"#_ftn22\" name=\"_ftnref22\">[22]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09a7\u09be\u09aa \u098f\u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Materialist monism [= Marxism] considers society to be a whole which is formed by the economic structure, i.e., by the sum total of relations that people in production enter into with respect to the means of production. It can provide a basis for a complete theory of classes, as well as an objective criterion for distinguishing between structural changes that affect the character of the entire social order, and derivative, secondary changes that only modify the social order without fundamentally altering its character.<a href=\"#_ftn23\" name=\"_ftnref23\">[23]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0985\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09ce, \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09c7, \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09b6\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09c7\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be \u09af\u09be\u09df \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c1\u09b6\u0995\u09bf\u09b2 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7, \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u09ae\u09a4\u09be\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u0995\u09c7 \u09a6\u09be\u0981\u09dc \u0995\u09b0\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4\u09cb \u09b8\u09ae\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09ac\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a7\u09c0, \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09b2\u09cd\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u099c\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09aa\u09dc\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09b6\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09ac, \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ac \u0995\u09a5\u09be\u09df \u0995\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09be\u09a4\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09bf\u0982\u09ac\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09a5\u09be \u09a8\u09be\u09dc\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be\u0993 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u0993 \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09a6\u09bf\u0995 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09b8\u09be\u09a4.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09a5\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u0964 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u0996\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0 \u09b6\u09ac\u09cd\u09a6 \u0996\u09b0\u099a \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7, \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09ad\u09ac\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a7\u09c8\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0 \u09ad\u09df\u09be\u09a8\u0995 \u09b0\u0995\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09be\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u0989\u09aa\u0995\u09b0\u09a3 \u0993 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b6\u09be \u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09b9 \u0995\u09b0\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b9 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u0993 \u09ac\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09c7 \u0996\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u099c \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09ae\u09bf\u09b2\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0986\u09a6\u09bf \u0995\u09be\u09a0\u09be\u09ae\u09cb\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a7\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09df\u0995, \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a5\u09ae \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u09b2\u09cb\u0995\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u09df \u09a4\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09ad\u09be\u09b7\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u0964 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09be\u09aa\u09be\u09b6\u09bf \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be \u09a7\u09b0\u09b2\u09c7, \u09ac\u09be \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a6\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09a7\u09be\u0996\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099a\u09dc\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a8\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09a4\u09c7 \u09b9\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09af\u09be \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09bf\u0995-\u09b0\u09be\u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u0986\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09cb\u09b2\u09a8\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b8\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09b6\u09cd\u09a8 \u0985\u09a8\u09c7\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u0989\u09a0\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u2014 \u098f\u0987\u09b8\u09ac \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09bf\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a6\u09cc\u09dc\u09be\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8? \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u09a6\u09a4\u09c7 \u0995\u09c0 \u099a\u09be\u09a8?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u0985\u09b8\u09a6\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u099b\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a3\u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09ac\u09bf\u09ad\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u0964 \u098f\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u0986\u0997\u09c7\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u2018\u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09a3\u09a4 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u2019 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2, \u09a4\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a4\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b0\u09ae \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u0997\u09be\u0997\u09cb\u09dc\u09be\u0987 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0989\u09a6\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c8\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09bf\u0995, \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c \u0993 \u0987\u09a4\u09bf\u09b9\u09be\u09b8-\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u09b7\u0995 \u09b9\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09ac\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a7\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf, \u09a6\u09b2, \u09b6\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a3\u09bf\u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ae, \u09ac\u09bf\u09aa\u09cd\u09b2\u09ac, \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c \u09aa\u09b0\u09bf\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09a4\u09a8\u2014 \u098f\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09cb \u0986\u09b8\u09b2\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09c3\u09a4 \u0985\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a1\u09be \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2\u09a4 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u0985\u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0995\u0964 \u09af\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8 \u09a7\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a8\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09a8\u09a4\u09c1\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09aa\u09c7\u099b\u09a8\u09c7 \u099b\u09c1\u099f\u09c7 \u09ac\u09c7\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09a8, \u0995\u09be\u099c\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\u2014 \u098f\u09ae\u09a8 \u0998\u099f\u09a8\u09be \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a8\u09c7\u0987\u0964 \u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09a8\u09df, \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a4\u09be\u0987 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c0\u09df \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09ad\u09c2\u09b7\u09a3\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09a0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0987 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09ac\u09be\u09a7 \u09b8\u09c7\u09a7\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u0986\u09ae\u09c7\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c0 \u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995\u09be <em>Human Geography<\/em>-\u09a4\u09c7 \u099c\u09a8\u09c8\u0995 \u0997\u09cd\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The main reason why Engels has attracted so much rancor is that he systematized Marxism as theoretical system and transformed it to a mass political movement. This is his \u2018cardinal sin\u2019 and for this contemporary anti-Engelsionists practically prefer that <em>Capital<\/em> should not have been published: \u2018it is an unfinished and unfinishable work\u2019.<a href=\"#_ftn24\" name=\"_ftnref24\">[24]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09c7 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ad\u09bf\u09ae\u09a4 \u09b9\u09b2:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">The common ground uniting them is their abhorrence for the existence of Marxism as a coherent theoretical tradition and as a weapon for the revolutionary struggle of the working class for the emancipation of human society.<a href=\"#_ftn25\" name=\"_ftnref25\">[25]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09c7\u0989 \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8, \u0986\u09ae\u09b0\u09be \u09b9\u09df\u09a4\u09cb \u09ac\u09be\u09dc\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09ac\u09b2\u099b\u09bf\u0964 \u09a8\u09be\u0964 \u0986\u09b2\u09cb\u099a\u09cd\u09af \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u09ac\u0982\/\u0985\u09a5\u09ac\u09be \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09aa\u09dc\u09b2\u09c7\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u099f\u09bf \u09b8\u09cd\u09aa\u09b7\u09cd\u099f \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u09af\u09be\u09ac\u09c7\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u099a\u09c7\u09b2\u09cb \u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09cb \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6\u09ef \u09b8\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09bf \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8, \u09af\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09bf\u09b0\u09cb\u09a8\u09be\u09ae\u0987 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u2014 \u201cKarl Marx: The Indiscrete Charm of Incompleteness\u201d\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7\u09c7 \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">After many seasons marked by deep and reiterated incomprehension of Marx, resulting from the attempted systematization of his critical theory\u2013given its originally incomplete and non-systematic character\u2013by the conceptual impoverishment which has accompanied its popularization, by the manipulation and censorship of his writings, and the instrumental use of the same for political purposes, the incompleteness of his work stands out with an indiscrete charm, unobstructed by the interpretations which had earlier deformed it, even manifestly becoming its negation. From this incompleteness re-emerges the richness of a problematic and polymorphous thought and of a horizon whose distance the <em>Marx Forschung<\/em> (the research on Marx) has still so many paths to travel.<a href=\"#_ftn26\" name=\"_ftnref26\">[26]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09b0 \u098f\u0995\u099c\u09a8 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6, \u09ae\u09be\u0987\u0995\u09c7\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09b0\u09bf\u0996, \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u0995 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u09b2\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09c7 \u098f\u0995\u0987 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09a7\u09cd\u09ac\u09a8\u09bf \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8:<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx\u2019s legacy is not a finished work, but rather a research programme, the vast outline of which are only now becoming visible through MEGA.<a href=\"#_ftn27\" name=\"_ftnref27\">[27]<\/a><\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u098f\u09b2\u09cb\u09ae\u09c7\u09b2\u09cb, \u099b\u09a1\u09bc\u09be\u09a8\u09cb-\u099b\u09c7\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09af\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8\u0995\u09be\u09b0-\u09a4\u09c7\u09ae\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u099b\u09be\u09aa\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7, \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09be\u09a6\u09bf\u09a4 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u0982\u09b9\u09a4 \u09b0\u09c2\u09aa\u09c7 \u0989\u09aa\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09aa\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u201c\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u201d \u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09c8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09bf\u0995 \u0993 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2 \u09ae\u09a4\u09ac\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b6 \u0998\u099f\u09be\u09a8\u09cb\u0987 \u09b9\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0996 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u200c\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ac\u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09ac\u09a1\u09bc \u0985\u09aa\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u0964 \u09ae\u09c7\u0997\u09be-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09b2\u09cd\u09aa \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u098f\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u098f\u0996\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09aa\u09be\u09a3\u09cd\u09a1\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09aa\u09bf\u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09b8\u09be\u09ae\u09a8\u09c7 \u09a4\u09c1\u09b2\u09c7 \u098f\u09a8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u0995 \u09b2\u09be\u0997\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09c1\u09a8, \u0995\u09c0 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09a8 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09ac\u09c0\u09b0 \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09b9\u09be\u0987\u09a8\u09b0\u09bf\u0996 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8! \u0995\u09c0 \u09a6\u09be\u09b0\u09c1\u09a3 \u0985\u0997\u09cb\u099b\u09be\u09b2\u09cb \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u09be\u09aa\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0! \u0995\u09c0 \u0985\u09a8\u09ac\u09a6\u09cd\u09af \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u09aa\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be\u0995\u09cd\u09af\u09b8\u0995\u09b2, \u09aa\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09b0\u09be\u09aa\u09c1\u099e\u09cd\u099c, \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf! \u0995\u09c0 \u0985\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u099f\u09bf \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be!!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0986\u09ae\u09be\u09b0 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09df\u0964 \u098f\u0987 \u09af\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09df \u09b6-\u0996\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u0995 \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1-\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09aa\u09a8\u09cd\u09a5\u09c0 \u09ac\u09c1\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u099c\u09c0\u09ac\u09c0, \u09af\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u09df \u0985\u09b8\u09ae\u09cd\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3\u09a4\u09be, \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09b9\u09c0\u09a8\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09c3\u0999\u09cd\u0996\u09b2\u09be\u09b0\u0987 \u099c\u09df\u0997\u09be\u09a8 \u0997\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u09a4 \u099c\u09cb\u09b0 \u0997\u09b2\u09be\u09df\u2014 \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09b0\u09be \u09a8\u09bf\u099c\u09c7\u09b0\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0995\u099f\u09be \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u0993 \u09b8\u09c7\u0987 \u09ae\u09b9\u09be\u09a8 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8-\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf\u09ad\u09be\u0995\u09c7 \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09b8\u09b0\u09a3 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7 \u09b2\u09bf\u0996\u099b\u09c7\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be? \u09a4\u09be\u0981\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0987 \u0995\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b8\u09c1\u09b8\u0982\u0997\u09a0\u09bf\u09a4 \u0986\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09c7 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7 \u099a\u09b2\u09c7\u099b\u09c7? \u098f\u099f\u09be \u0995\u09bf \u09b6\u09c1\u09a7\u09c1\u0987 \u09ac\u09bf\u09a8\u09df\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09ac\u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09c7\u099c\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u0995\u09c7 \u099a\u09bf\u09b0-\u0985\u09a8\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u09b0\u09c7\u0996\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u0986\u099f.<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; 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\u09ac\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b0\u099a\u09a8\u09be\u0993 \u09aa\u09dc\u09a4\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09a4\u09ac\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09aa\u09be\u09a0\u09c7\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u09b8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09a8 \u09a5\u09be\u0995\u09c1\u09a8\u2014 \u0989\u09aa\u09b0\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7 \u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09a5\u0995 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09be\u09a8 \u09a8\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u0986\u09b0 \u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09be, \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993\u099f\u09be\u0995\u09c7, \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u09a8\u09be \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09c7, \u09b8\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7 \u09ac\u09be \u0985\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a4\u09b8\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u2014 \u09b8\u09c7\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u09c7 \u0986\u09dc\u09be\u09b2\u09c7 \u09b8\u09b0\u09bf\u09df\u09c7 \u09a6\u09bf\u09a4\u09c7 \u099a\u09be\u0987\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09af\u09be\u0981\u0995\u09c7\u0987 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8 \u098f\u0987 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u09b8\u09bf\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09be\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u0997\u09c1\u09b2\u09bf\u09b0 \u098f\u0995 \u09ac\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u0995\u09c7 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0995\u09c1\u09af\u09c1\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u09bf\u09b0 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09af\u09cd\u09af\u09c7 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099a\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a4\u09be\u09a7\u09be\u09b0\u09be \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09ac\u09bf\u099a\u09cd\u099b\u09bf\u09a8\u09cd\u09a8 \u0995\u09b0\u09a4\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09af\u09cb\u0997\u09c0 \u09b9\u09df\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8, \u09ac\u09c1\u099d\u09ac\u09c7\u09a8, \u09a4\u09bf\u09a8\u09bf \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ac\u09cb\u099d\u09c7\u09a8\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09b8\u09c7 \u09af\u09a4\u0987 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a8\u09be\u09a8\u09be\u09b0\u0995\u09ae \u0985\u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09a4 \u09a8\u09cb\u099f \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u0989\u09a6\u09cd\u09a7\u09c3\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09bf\u09a8 \u09a8\u09be \u0995\u09c7\u09a8\u2014 \u09a4\u09be \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09a8\u09df\u0964 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8\u09c0\u09df \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09be \u09a8\u09df\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09b8 \u0995\u09ae\u09bf\u0989\u09a8\u09bf\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u0995\u09be\u099b\u09c7 \u0995\u09cb\u09a8\u0993 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u099f \u09a8\u09a8\u0964 \u09b6\u09c7\u09b7 \u098f\u09ac\u0982 \u098f\u0995\u09ae\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09ab\u09c7\u099f\u0993 \u09a8\u09a8!!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u098f\u0987 \u09b8\u09ae\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4 \u09ac\u09bf\u09b7\u09df\u09c7 \u09b8\u09a4\u09b0\u09cd\u0995 \u09b9\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09df \u098f\u09b8\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u0964<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h3><strong>\u09b8\u09c2\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0\u09cb\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996:<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df, \u0985\u09b6\u09cb\u0995\u0964 <em>\u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b8\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u0993 \u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09cd\u200c\u09b8: \u09ab\u09bf\u09b0\u09c7 \u09a6\u09c7\u0996\u09be<\/em>\u0964 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be: \u09ac\u09b9\u09c1\u09ac\u099a\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b6\u09a8\u09c0\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ef\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df, \u0985\u09b6\u09cb\u0995\u0964 <em>\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09a6\u09b0\u09cd\u09b6\u09a8: \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u09ac\u09a8\u09be\u09ae \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u2013 \u09b2\u09c7\u09a8\u09bf\u09a8\u09c0\u09df \u0989\u09a4\u09cd\u09a4\u09b0\u09be\u09a7\u09bf\u0995\u09be\u09b0<\/em>\u0964 \u0995\u09b2\u0995\u09be\u09a4\u09be: \u09b8\u09c7\u09b8\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u09b8\u0964 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e7\u09ec\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">\u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8, \u09aa\u09bf\u099f\u09be\u09b0\u0964 &#8220;\u09ae\u09c1\u09b8\u09b2\u09ae\u09be\u09a8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u099d\u09c7 \u0995\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09b2 \u09ae\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u0995\u09cd\u09b8&#8221;\u0964 \u09ae\u09c2\u09b2 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8: <em>Capitalism Nature Socialism<\/em>, Vol. 15, No 4. Dec, 2004. \u0985\u09a8\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6: \u09a4\u09c7\u0993\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf, \u09ae\u09b2\u09df\u0964 \u099c\u09be\u09a8\u09c1\u09df\u09be\u09b0\u09bf \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9\u0964<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Heinrich, Michael. \u201c\u2018Capital\u2019 after MEGA: Discontinuities, Interruptions and New Beginning\u201d. <em>Crisis &amp; Critique<\/em> Vol. 3: Issue 3. 2016.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Mavroudeas, Stavros. \u201cFrederick Engels and His Contribution to Marxism\u201d. <em>Human Geography<\/em>. 2020.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Kos\u00edk, Karel. <em>Dialectics of the Concrete<\/em>. Dordrecht-Holland: D. Reidel. 1976.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl. <em>Theories of Surplus Value<\/em>, Part 1 [1861-63]. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1969.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl. <em>Capital<\/em>, Vol. I. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1974.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl. <a href=\"https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/daskapitalkritik67marx\/page\/n3\/mode\/2up\">Das Kapital, Band I<\/a>. Internet Archive.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl. <em>A Contribution to a Critique of Political Economy<\/em>. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1977.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick. <em>The German Ideology<\/em>. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1976.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl. and Engels, Frederick. <em>The Communist Manifesto<\/em>. New Delhi: Grapevine India. 2014.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Marx, Karl and Engels, Frederick. <em>Selected Correspondence<\/em>. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1982.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Musto, Mecello. \u201cKarl Marx: The Indiscrete Charm of Incompleteness\u201d. <em>Review of Radical Political Economics<\/em>. Vol. XX, No. X. 2009.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Plekhanov, G. V. Socialism and the Political Struggle. <em>Selected Philosophical Works<\/em>, Vol. 1. Moscow: Progress Publishers. 1976.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: Kalpurush;\">Stalin, Joseph. <em>Marxism and Problems of Linguistics<\/em>. Peking: Foreign Languages Press. 1976.<\/span><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><img data-attachment-id=\"39657\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?attachment_id=39657\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,600\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"ashokins\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?fit=600%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" loading=\"lazy\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-39657 size-thumbnail\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashokins.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" data-recalc-dims=\"1\" \/><\/p>\n<hr \/>\n<p><strong><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> Cited: Hudis 2004.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a> \u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09ac\u09cb\u0995\u09cd\u09a4\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> Plekhanov 1976, 69.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09a6\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ac\u09df\u09be\u09a8 \u09a5\u09c7\u0995\u09c7 \u09b8\u09c7\u099f\u09be \u098f\u0995\u09c7\u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09c7\u0987 \u0986\u09b2\u09be\u09a6\u09be \u0995\u09bf\u099b\u09c1 \u09a8\u09df\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a> Marx 1969, 288.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a> \u098f\u09b0 \u0989\u09b2\u09cd\u09b2\u09c7\u0996 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8 \u0995\u09b0\u09c7\u099b\u09c7\u09a8\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a> Marx 1974, 86 and 88.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a> \u09a6\u09cd\u09b0\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09ac\u09cd\u09af: \u09ae\u09c1\u0996\u09cb\u09aa\u09be\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09df \u09e8\u09e6\u09e8\u09e9\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a> Marx 1977, 20-21; emphasis added.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a> Marx 1974, 86f; emphasis added.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a> Marx 1974, 88; emphasis added.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a> Marx 1867, 45.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a> Marx and Engels 1976, 61.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a> Ibid, 67.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a> Marx and Engels 2014, 181.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a> Marx and Engels 1982; Letters dated 5 August 1890; 21\u201322 September 1890; 27 October 1890; 14 July 1893; 25 January 1894.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a> Marx and Engels 1982, pp.394\u201395.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a> Stalin 1976, p.5.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a> \u0995\u09b8\u09bf\u0995-\u098f\u09b0 \u098f\u0987 \u0997\u09c1\u09b0\u09c1\u09a4\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09c2\u09b0\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ac\u0987\u099f\u09bf\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u09a6\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u099f\u09bf \u0986\u0995\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7\u09a3\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09af \u0986\u09ae\u09bf \u0995\u09ae\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1 \u09b9\u09c1\u09a1\u09bf\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a4\u09bf \u0997\u09ad\u09c0\u09b0\u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09c7 \u0995\u09c3\u09a4\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u0964<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref21\" name=\"_ftn21\">[21]<\/a> Kosik 1976, 61-62.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref22\" name=\"_ftn22\">[22]<\/a> Ibid, 63.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref23\" name=\"_ftn23\">[23]<\/a> Ibid, 64.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref24\" name=\"_ftn24\">[24]<\/a> Mavroudeas 2020.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref25\" name=\"_ftn25\">[25]<\/a> Ibid, abstract.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref26\" name=\"_ftn26\">[26]<\/a> Musto 2009.<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong><a href=\"#_ftnref27\" name=\"_ftn27\">[27]<\/a> Heinrich 2016.<\/strong><\/p>\n<div class=\"fb-background-color\">\n\t\t\t  <div \n\t\t\t  \tclass = \"fb-comments\" \n\t\t\t  \tdata-href = \"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=39659\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-numposts = \"100\"\n\t\t\t  \tdata-lazy = \"true\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-colorscheme = \"light\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-order-by = \"time\"\n\t\t\t\tdata-mobile=true>\n\t\t\t  <\/div><\/div>\n\t\t  <style>\n\t\t    .fb-background-color {\n\t\t\t\tbackground: #ffffff 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\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09aa\u09a8\"><\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":39658,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false,"jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true},"categories":[2430],"tags":[537,767,584],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/ashok.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p8MQkn-ajF","jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":21955,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=21955","url_meta":{"origin":39659,"position":0},"title":"\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 (\u09e8\u09ee \u09a8\u09ad\u09c7\u09ae\u09cd\u09ac\u09b0 \u09e7\u09ee\u09e8\u09e6-\u09eb \u0986\u0997\u09b8\u09cd\u099f \u09e7\u09ee\u09ef\u09eb): \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae\u09a6\u09cd\u09ac\u09bf\u09b6\u09a4\u09ac\u09b0\u09cd\u09b7 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ae\u09b0\u09a3","date":"November 1, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"\u0995\u09a3\u09bf\u09b7\u09cd\u0995 \u099a\u09cc\u09a7\u09c1\u09b0\u09c0 \u00a0 \u09b2\u09c7\u0996\u0995 \u09aa\u09c7\u09b6\u09be\u09df \u09b6\u09bf\u0995\u09cd\u09b7\u0995, \u09b8\u09ae\u09be\u099c\u09ac\u09bf\u099c\u09cd\u099e\u09be\u09a8\u09c7\u09b0 \u0989\u09ce\u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09c0 \u099b\u09be\u09a4\u09cd\u09b0 \u0993 \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8\u09c7\u09b0 \u099c\u09a8\u09cd\u09ae \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09b6\u09bf\u09af\u09bc\u09be\u09b0 \u09b0\u09be\u0987\u09a8 \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09a6\u09c7\u09b6\u09c7 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a5\u09bf\u09a4 \u09ac\u09be\u09b0\u09ae\u09c7\u09a8 \u09b6\u09b9\u09b0\u09c7\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09be \u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u0995\u09be\u09aa\u09a1\u09bc \u0995\u09b2\u09c7\u09b0 \u09ae\u09be\u09b2\u09bf\u0995\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09be \u099a\u09c7\u09af\u09bc\u09c7\u099b\u09bf\u09b2\u09c7\u09a8 \u099b\u09c7\u09b2\u09c7 \u09a4\u09be\u09b0 \u09ae\u09a4 \u09ac\u09cd\u09af\u09ac\u09b8\u09be\u09af\u09bc\u09c0 \u09b9\u09cb\u0995\u0964 \u09ac\u09be\u09ac\u09be\u09b0 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09aa\u09cd\u09a8 \u09b8\u09ab\u09b2 \u09b9\u09af\u09bc\u09a8\u09bf\u0964 \u09b8\u09cd\u09ac\u09be\u09a7\u09c0\u09a8\u099a\u09c7\u09a4\u09be \u0993 \u09b8\u0982\u09ac\u09c7\u09a6\u09a8\u09b6\u09c0\u09b2 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u0985\u09ac\u09b8\u09b0 \u09b8\u09ae\u09af\u09bc \u09ad\u09be\u09ac\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8 \u0986\u09b0 \u09ac\u0987 \u09aa\u09a1\u09bc\u09a4\u09c7\u09a8\u0964 \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;\u09ab\u09cd\u09b0\u09c7\u09a1\u09b0\u09bf\u0995 \u098f\u0999\u09cd\u0997\u09c7\u09b2\u09b8 \u09e8\u09e6\u09e6&quot;","img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/www.4numberplatform.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/kanishka.jpg?fit=1024%2C518&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200},"classes":[]},{"id":32702,"url":"https:\/\/www.4numberplatform.com\/?p=32702","url_meta":{"origin":39659,"position":1},"title":"\u09b0\u09be\u09ae\u0995\u09c3\u09b7\u09cd\u09a3 \u09ad\u099f\u09cd\u099f\u09be\u099a\u09be\u09b0\u09cd\u09af\u09b0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 \u099a\u09b0\u09cd\u099a\u09be","date":"March 20, 2023","format":false,"excerpt":"\u09b6\u09c1\u09ad\u09c7\u09a8\u09cd\u09a6\u09c1 \u09b8\u09b0\u0995\u09be\u09b0 \u00a0 \u0987\u0982\u09b0\u09c7\u099c\u09bf \u09b8\u09be\u09b9\u09bf\u09a4\u09cd\u09af\u09c7\u09b0 \u0985\u09a7\u09cd\u09af\u09be\u09aa\u0995, \u0997\u09ac\u09c7\u09b7\u0995, \u09aa\u09cd\u09b0\u09be\u09ac\u09a8\u09cd\u09a7\u09bf\u0995 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u00a0 \u09ac\u09b8\u09cd\u09a4\u09c1\u09ac\u09be\u09a6 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